Atividade in vitro de medicamentos homeopáticos contra Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white mold, is a polyphagous pathogen with a large number of plant hosts, and that can survival for many years in the soil. Alternative methods are necessary to its control, such as homeopathy. This work aimed to verify the antimicrobial activity of homeopathic drugs against S. sclerotiorum. Two assays were conducted: the first one using Nosode of S. sclerotiorum, and the second with Sulphur, both at 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 CH (hahnemanian centesimal dilution), and distillated water as control treatment. The dilution 0 CH was the hydro alcoholic solution with ethanol 30%. The number of sclerotia and the mycelial growth were evaluated in vitro. None of the drugs reduced the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum, but, Nosode 24 CH and Sulphur 36 CH and 48 CH completely inhibited the production of sclerotia.O fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, agente causal da doença mofo branco, é um patógeno polífago que possui ampla faixa de hospedeiros e pode sobreviver por vários anos no solo. Métodos alternativos são necessários para o controle, tais como a homeopatia. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a atividade antimicrobiana de medicamentos homeopáticos contra S. sclerotiorum. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios, o primeiro com Nosodio de S. sclerotiorum e o segundo com Sulphur, ambos dinamizados em 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 e 48 CH (centesimal hahnemaniana), sendo a água destilada o tratamento controle. Considerou-se como dinamização 0 CH o tratamento com solução hidroalcoólica (30%), por se tratar do diluente no preparo dos referidos medicamentos. Avaliou-se o número de escleródios e o crescimento micelial. Nenhum medicamento utilizado reduziu o crescimento micelial de S. sclerotiorum. Os medicamentos Nosodio 24 CH e Sulphur 36 CH e 48 CH reduziram em 100% o número de escleródios produzidos pelo patógeno

Identificação de Alil Isotiocianato em crambe por HPLC

The identification of molecules present in plants by chromatographic techniques such as HPLC, can bring promising alternative to the control of plant diseases, since brassicas have glucosinolates, which act in plant defense. The objective of this work was to verify the presence of allyl isothiocyanate by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography Reverse Phase), using different methods of extraction. The plant material was leaves of Crambe abyssinica, dried at 45 °C for 48 h. The extraction methods used consisted of 200 mg L-1 of plant material for each method: infusion, aqueous solution, and cetonic, hydroalcoholic, methanol, hexane and chloroform solutions. The identification and quantification were by HPLC on C18 column UV at 244 nm. The experiment consisted of seven treatments with three replicates using the Tukey p <0.05 test. The solvents methanol and hydroalcoholic presented high affinity to molecules of allyl isothiocyanate, and methanol was the best solvent for the extraction, with a concentration of 133.88 mAU. The allyl isothiocyanate was identified at the time of 4.29 min and 4.35 min for methanol and hydroalcoholic extract respectively.A identificação de moléculas presentes nas plantas por meio de técnicas cromatográficas como HPLC, podem trazer resultados promissores para o controle alternativo de doenças, uma vez que brássicas apresentam glicosinolatos, que atuam na defesa das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de alil isotiocianato por meio de HPLC (cromatografia líquida de alta performance de fase reversa), através de diferentes métodos de extração. Foram utilizadas folhas de Crambe abyssinica, secas em estufa a 45 °C por 48 h. Os métodos de extração consistiram em utilizar 200 mg L-1 do material vegetal para cada método: infusão, solução aquosa, cetônico, hidroalcoólico, metanólico, hexânico e clorofórmico. A identificação e quantificação foi por meio de HPLC, com coluna C18, UV a 244 nm. O ensaio consistiu em sete tratamentos com três repetições, utilizando o teste de Tukey a p<0,05. Os solventes metanol e hidroalcoólico foram os que apresentaram afinidade com as moléculas do alil isotiocianato, sendo o metanol o melhor solvente para a extração, com concentração de 133,88 mAU. O alil isotiocianato foi identificado no tempo de 4,29 min e 4,35 min para o extrato metanólico e hidroalcoólico respectivamente

Cromatografia de filtração em gel para a purificação de moléculas protéicas e glicídidas a partir de nematóides fitopatogênicos

- Female root-knot nematode can present compounds able to activate defense mechanisms in the vegetable. With this end, the chromatographic technique is based on the purification of molecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides, which may present eliciting characteristics. The aim of this paper was to determine the elicitors purification methodology, from phytopathogenic nematodes, by gel filtration chromatography (GFC). Nematodes females of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica were extracted, macerated, and subsequently subjected to gel filtration chromatography. For the M. incognita five protein peaks and seven glucosidic peaks, with molecular masses ranging from 8.80 to 285.95 KDa and from 65.09 to 7.47 µg glucose mL-1, respectively, were obtained. For the M. javanica it was obtained four protein peaks, which masses ranged from 304.99 to 108.73 kDa. By GFC was possible to purify protein and glucosidic fractions from female M. incognita and M. javanica that will be used later for resistance induction assays in plants.Fêmeas de nematoides formadores de galhas podem apresentar compostos capazes de ativar mecanismos de defesa no vegetal. Nesse intuito, a técnica de cromatografia baseia-se na purificação de moléculas como proteínas, glicoproteínas, ácidos nucléicos e polissacarídeos, as quais podem apresentar características eliciadoras. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a metodologia de purificação de eliciadores, a partir de nematoides fitopatogênicos, pela cromatografia de filtração em gel (CFG). Fêmeas de nematoides de Meloidogyne incognita e Meloidogyne javanica foram extraídas, maceradas, e posteriormente submetidas à cromatografia de filtração em gel. Para M. incognita foram obtidos cinco picos proteicos e sete picos glicídicos, com massas moleculares variando de 8,80 a 285,95 KDa e 65,09 a 7,47 µg de glicose mL-1, respectivamente. Para M. javanica obteve-se quatro picos proteicos, cujas massas variaram de 304,99 a 108,73 KDa. Por meio da CFG foi possível purificar frações proteicas e glicídicas a partir de fêmeas de M. incognita e M. javanica, que serão utilizadas posteriormente para ensaios de indução de resistência em plantas

Atividade antioxidante e enzimática em morangos (Fragaria vesca L.) tratados termicamente combinados com ácido salicílico

Postharvest strawberry treatments are needed to induce resistance and increase the shelf life without loss of quality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of postharvest heat treatment in combination with salicylic acid in the antioxidant activity, enzymatic and incidence of fungi in the strawberry during storage. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4x4 factorial design with four replications. Strawberries grow Dover were subjected to the following treatments: heat treatment (45 ° C for 3 h in an oven), application of salicylic acid (immersion for five minutes in 2.0 mM aqueous solution), combination of heat treatment with salicylic acid and control (untreated). Were stored for 1, 7, 14 and 21 days under refrigeration at 5 ° C with 90-95% relative humidity. The enzymatic activity of peroxidase (POD) occurred in the initial period of 1 to 7 days of storage strawberries treatment heat and with salicylic acid. Regarding the combination of salicylic acid and heat treatment occurred enzymatic activity in the presence of fungi. For polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, heat treatment showed an oscillation of activity, while salicylic acid and the combination of and salicylic acid with treatment heat showed no significant differences, and showed constant activity of PFO. For the treatment with salicylic acid the strawberries showed only 5% fungal incidence. The antioxidant activity of strawberries treated with salicylic acid was high in all periods except at 21 days.Tratamentos pós-colheita de morango são necessários para induzir resistência e elevar a vida útil sem perda de qualidade. Diante disso, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico pós-colheita em combinação com o ácido salicílico na atividade antioxidante, enzimática e microbiológica de morango durante o armazenamento. O delineamento estatístico empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x4 e quatro repetições. Os morangos cultivar Dover foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: tratamento térmico (45 ºC por 3 h em estufa), aplicação de ácido salicílico (imersão por cinco minutos em solução aquosa a 2,0 mM), combinação de tratamento térmico com ácido salicílico e o controle (não tratados).  Foram armazenados durante 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias a 5 ºC com 90-95% de umidade relativa do ar. A atividade enzimática da POD ocorreu no período inicial de 1 e 7 dias de armazenamento para morangos tratados termicamente e com ácido salicílico. O tratamento com combinação de ácido salicílico + tratamento térmico influenciou a atividade enzimática na presença de fungos. Morangos submetidos ao tratamento térmico apresentaram oscilação da atividade de PFO, enquanto que o ácido salicílico e a combinação entre tratamento térmico + ácido salicílico não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si, e apresentaram atividade constante de PFO. Morangos tratados com ácido salicílico apresentaram apenas 5% de incidência de fungos aos 14 dias. A atividade antioxidante de morangos tratados com ácido salicílico foi elevada em todos os períodos, exceto aos 21 dias.

Control of Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat and interference on diazotrophic endophytes

The induced resistance eficiency in the control of phytopathogens is recognized, however little is known about its interference on non-target microrganisms. The present study aims to verify the induction of peroxidase activity by the use of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and Bacillus cereus inductor in the control of spot blotch wheat disease and its interference on the non-target microrganism A. brasilense. The experiment was conduced under green house growing. The experimental design was made in randomized block design in a factorial schema 4 x 2 x 2, with 4 replications. The first factor "Resistance Inductors" was constituted by ASM, MOS, B. cereus inductors and water (control). The second factor "Pathogen" was constituted by the presence or absence of B. sorokiniana pathogen. The third factor "PPGR" was made up by the presence or absence of the PPGR A. brasilense. Disease severity, peroxidase activity and quantification of endofitic diazotrofic microrganisms were assessed. There was a reduction in the disease severity by the use of resistance inductors. The activity of peroxidase was estimulated by MOS inductor. Direct interference of the inductors on endophytic diazotrophic microrganisms was not observed.The induced resistance efficiency in the control of phytopathogens is recognized, however little is known about its interference on non-target microorganisms. The present study aimed to verify the induction of peroxidase activity by the use of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and Bacillus cereus inductor in the control of spot blotch wheat disease and its interference on the non-target microorganism Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was conduced under greenhouse condition. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial schema 4 x 2 x 2, with four replications. The first factor “Resistance Inductors” was constituted by ASM, MOS and B. cereus inductors and water (control). The second factor “Pathogen” was constituted by the presence or absence of B. sorokiniana pathogen. The third factor “PPGR” was made up by the presence or absence of the PPGR A. brasilense. Disease severity, peroxidase activity and quantification of endofitic diazotrofic microorganisms were assessed. There was a reduction in the disease severity by the use of resistance inductors. The activity of peroxidase was estimulated by MOS. Direct interference of the inductors on endophytic diazotrophic microorganisms was not observed

Controle alternativo sobre Meloidogyne incognita em soja

The alternative control is an environmentally safe and ecologically viable option for controlling plant pathogens. Considering the great importance of nematodes in soybean, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nematophagous fungi against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in soybean. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments were Pochonia chlamydosporia, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Coprinus comatus, a mixture of P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinus, and control plants inoculated with M. incognita and without treatment. We evaluated number of eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) in soil and roots, number of galls and reproduction factor (RF). There were no differences among the treatments and the control plants for number of eggs and J2 in soil and roots, number of galls and RF. The P. chlamydosporia treatments caused the reduction of the number of J2 in roots. Thus, was possible to conclude that P. chlamydosporia has potential to control M. incognita in soybean plants.O controle alternativo oferece uma opção ambientalmente segura e ecologicamente viável no manejo de fitopatógenos. Considerando a grande importância dos nematoides na cultura da soja, objetivou se avaliar a eficácia de fungos nematófagos no controle de Meloidogyne incognita nesta cultura. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por Pochonia chlamydosporia, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Coprinus comatus, mistura de P. chlamydosporia e P. lilacinus, além de plantas testemunhas inoculadas com M. incognita e sem tratamento. Foram avaliados o número de ovos e de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) no solo e nas raízes, o número de galhas e o fator de reprodução (FR). Não se observou diferença entre os tratamentos para ovos e J2 no solo e nas raízes, galhas e FR. O tratamento com P. chlamydosporia reduziu o número de J2 por grama de raiz. Assim, é possível concluir que o isolado de P. chlamydosporia tem potencial para controle de M. incognita em soja

Conservação de morango tratado com choque térmico

Thermal shock have been studied as an auxiliary method of strawberries preservation. The efficiency of microbiological control and increasing in the useful life of thermal shock with heated water was proven, and the thermal shock with heated air can be more feasible to conserve strawberries. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal shock with heated air in the chemical composition and conservation of strawberry 'Dover'. The fruits were heat treated in an oven with heated air at 45 °C for 3 h, and then stored at 5 °C. Analyses were performed after intervals of 1, 7 and 14 days of refrigerated storage, and after these periods, the strawberries were also analyzed after 2 days at 20 °C. Phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, soluble solids, mass loss and incidence of fungi were evaluated. According to the results, the heat treatment favored a total phenolic content of strawberries, but not the contents of anthocyanins. Heat treatment inhibited the development of pathogens on strawberries during storage, but had no effect on mass loss. This study showed no increase in the useful life of strawberries, being limited to seven days of refrigerated storage.Choque térmico tem sido estudado como método auxiliar de conservação de morangos. A eficiência no controle microbiológico e aumento da vida útil deste método por imersão dos frutos em água aquecida foi comprovada, e choque térmico com ar aquecido pode ser uma alternativa viável na conservação de morangos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do choque térmico com ar aquecido na composição química e na conservação de morangos ‘Dover’. Os frutos foram tratados termicamente em estufa de ar aquecido a 45 °C por 3 h e depois armazenados a 5 ºC. As análises foram realizadas após intervalos de 1, 7 e 14 dias de armazenamento refrigerado, e após estes períodos, os morangos também foram analisados após 2 dias a 20 ºC. Compostos fenólicos totais, antocianinas, ácido ascórbico, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, perda de massa e incidência de fungos foram avaliados. De acordo com os resultados, o tratamento térmico favoreceu o conteúdo de fenólicos totais dos morangos, mas não o conteúdo de antocianinas. O tratamento térmico inibiu o desenvolvimento de patógenos nos morangos durante o armazenamento, mas não apresentou influência sobre a perda de massa fresca. Esse estudo mostrou que não houve aumento da vida útil dos morangos, ficando limitado aos sete dias de armazenamento refrigerado

Crescimento micelial e produção de microescleródios de Macrophomina phaseolina confrontado com diferentes isolados de Trichoderma sp.

Charcoal Rot is a disease that occurs in a large number of plant species and besides not being economically controlled by fungicides no genetic resistance has been found. Associated with this controlling problem, there is also a growing awareness of the proper handling of pesticides or of the search for new and environmentally safer technologies for handling of plant diseases. Therefore this study aimed to examine in vitro the potential of different isolates of Trichoderma sp for biological control of Macrophomina phaseolina. Seventeen different isolates of Trichoderma sp. were used, in two different tests: direct confrontation with the pathogen and production of volatile compounds by the antagonist. In the experimental conditions the different isolates of Trichoderma sp. showed variation in the capacity of inhibition of the pathogen growth. Isolates TI1, TM2, TM3, TM4, TLB2, TLB3, TLB15 and TLB17 were those that showed the greatest antagonism to the fungus M. phaseolina.Podridão de Carvão é uma doença que ocorre em uma grande quantidade de espécies de plantas e além de não ser controlada economicamente por fungicidas nenhuma resistência genética foi encontrada. Associado a esse problema no controle, existe também uma crescente conscientização no manejo correto do uso de defensivos agrícolas ou na busca por novas tecnologias de manejo de doenças de plantas ambientalmente mais seguros. Sendo assim este trabalho teve como objetivo examinar in vitro o potencial de diferentes isolados de Trichoderma sp. para controle biológico de Macrophomina phaseolina. Foram utilizados dezessete isolados diferentes de Trichoderma sp., em dois diferentes testes: confronto direto com o patógeno e produção de compostos voláteis pelo antagonista. Nas condições experimentais os diferentes isolados de Trichoderma sp. apresentaram variação na capacidade de inibição do crescimento do patógeno. Os isolados TI1, TM2, TM3, TM4, TLB2, TLB3, TLB15 e TLB17 foram os que apresentaram maior antagonismo ao fungo M. phaseolina

Ambience and productive performance of arugula cultivated in different spacing

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of environment on the productive performance of arugula in different row spacings and plant spacing. The experiment was conducted in the spring, summer 2011 and in the autumn and winter 2012. The experiment design was a randomized complete block design with four replications in a 3x2 factorial design. The first factor consisted to the row spacings (0.20; 0.25 and 0.30 m) and the second to the plant spacings (0.05 and 0.10 m). The plant height and diameter, leaf number, leaf area and total leaf fresh matter and productivity were evaluated. The data were subjected to variance analysis and the average were compared by Tukey test (p<0.05). In the spring and in the plant spacing of 0.05m were verified higher plants. For diameter and leaf area there was only seasonal effect whose averages were higher in winter and spring. The interaction between growing season and spacing of plants showed a highest leaves number and the total leaf fresh matter occur in the spring and winter in plant spacing of 0.10 m. Was obtained in the spring with row spacing of 0.20 m. The best productive performance was obtained for plants in a plant spacing of 0.05 m.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of environment on the productive performance of arugula in different row spacings and plant spacing. The experiment was conducted in the spring and summer 2011 and in the autumn and winter 2012. The experiment design was a randomized complete block design with four replications in a 3 x 2 factorial design. The first factor consisted to the row spacings (0.20; 0.25 and 0.30 m) and the second to the plant spacings (0.05 and 0.10 m). The plant height and diameter, leaf number, leaf area and total leaf fresh matter and productivity were evaluated. The data were subjected to variance analysis and the averages were compared by Tukey test (p < 0.05). In the spring and in the plant spacing of 0.05 m were verified higher plants. For diameter and leaf area there was only seasonal effect whose averages were higher in winter and spring. The interaction between growing season and spacing of plants showed a highest leaves number and the total leaf fresh matter occur in the spring and winter in plant spacing of 0.10 m. Was obtained in the spring with row spacing of 0.20 m. The best productive performance was obtained for plants in a plant spacing of 0.05 m

Growth and productivity of lettuce cultivars under protected environment with and without thermal reflector screen

The aim of the work was to evaluate the growth and productivity of lettuce cultivars cultivated in greenhouse with and without thermo-reflective screens. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse in Assis Chateaubriand, Paraná State. The experimental design was in a randomized block design with six replications and treatments arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial. The first factor consisted of culture environments (with and without thermo-reflective screens 50%) and the second of four cultivars of lettuce (Itapuã, Paola, Vera and Verônica). Five samples were performed weekly for evaluation of dry matter and leaf area used to obtain the absolute and relative growth rates, net assimilation rates, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area. At the last evaluation were also determined: plant height, leaf number, canopy diameter, leaf and shoot fresh matter and productivity. The use of the thermo-reflective screens interfered the development of lettuce promoting reduction in growth rates and the accumulation of fresh matter. The Paola cultivar did not present a good performance in the conditions of study. The use of thermo-reflective screens reduced the productivity of lettuce by 19% and did not correspond to the expected improvement on crop yield.The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth and productivity of lettuce cultivars in greenhouse with and without thermo-reflective screens. The experiment was conducted in Assis Chateaubriand, Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with six replications and treatments arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial. The first factor consisted of culture environments (with and without thermo-reflective screens 50%) and the second of four cultivars of lettuce (Itapuã, Paola, Vera and Verônica). Five samples were performed, weekly, for evaluation of dry matter and leaf area used to obtain the absolute and relative growth rates, net assimilation rates, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area. At the last evaluation were also determined: plant height, leaf number, canopy diameter, leaf and shoot fresh matter and productivity. The use of the thermo-reflective screens interfered on the development of lettuce promoting reduction in growth rates and the accumulation of fresh matter. The Paola cultivar did not present a good performance in the conditions of study. The use of thermo-reflective screens reduced the productivity of lettuce by 19% and did not correspond to the expected improvement on crop yield