Modulación de la elongación axonal y la excitabilidad neuronal por receptores purinérgicos P2Y1, P2Y13 y P2X7

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 06-09-201

Diatoms, protein and carbohydrate sediment content as proxies for coastal eutrophication in Montevideo, Rio de la Plata Estuary, Uruguay

Foi realizado um estudo da salinidade e da composição das diatomáceas presentes no sedimento superficial em relação ao conteúdo de proteínas/carboidratos na Baía de Montevidéu e região costeira adjacente. Foram obtidas amostras sazonalmente durante um ano ao longo de um gradiente de impacto ambiental humano, e as condições tróficas foram determinadas através da análise da composição bioquímica da matéria orgânica do sedimento superficial. A coocorrência de espécies de diatomáceas marinhas-salobras, (Actinocyclus curvatulus, Actinocyclus gallicus, Coscinodiscus excentricus, Coscinodiscus radiatus, Hyalodiscus subtilis, Paralia sulcata) e diatomáceas indicadoras de águas doces (Aulacoseira granulata, Aulacoseira italica, Aulacoseira muzzanensis, Actinocyclus normanii, Amphora copulata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Nitzschia linearis) sugerem condições mixohalinas estuarinas na área de estudo. As estações amostradas dentro da baía, próximas às fontes contaminadoras, apresentam condições hipertróficas apontadas pelos maiores valores de proteínas e pela alta abundância relativa de Actinocyclus normanii e Cyclotella meneghiniana, sendo que ambas espécies são consideradas cosmopolitas e indicadoras de degradação aquática. As concentrações de proteínas e carboidratos, bem como os pigmentos fotossintéticos registrados na região costeira adjacente sugerem condições meso-eutróficas e uma diluição dos níveis de contaminação do interior da baía rumo à região externa. A análise multivariada entre espécies de diatomáceas e parâmetros ambientais indica que o gradiente trófico possui hierarquicamente maior peso que a salinidade na explicação da distribuição das diatomáceas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram um aperfeiçoamento na habilidade de determinar a contaminação orgânica dentro da área de estudo, já que pela primeira vez tanto as variáveis orgânicas quanto os biopolímeros foram introduzidos como ferramenta para a determinação da relação degradação/saúde de uma das mais populosas regiões do Río de la Plata.A study on sediment surface diatom composition in relation to both protein/carbohydrate content and salinity was carried out in Montevideo Bay and the adjacent coastal zone. Samples were seasonally taken during one year along a human impact gradient, and the trophic conditions were assessed from the biochemical composition of the surface sediment organic matter. The co-occurrence of the marine-brackish (Actinocyclus curvatulus, Actinocyclus gallicus, Coscinodiscus excentricus, Coscinodiscus radiatus, Hyalodiscus subtilis, Paralia sulcata) and freshwater diatom flora (Aulacoseira granulata, Aulacoseira italica, Aulacoseira muzzanensis, Actinocyclus normanii, Amphora copulata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Nitzschia linearis), suggests myxohaline estuarine conditions in the study area. The sampling stations located within the bay, close to several contamination sources, exhibited hypertrophic conditions as indicated by the highest levels of protein content, but also by the high relative abundances of Actinocyclus normanii and Cyclotella meneghiniana, as both diatom species are very well established cosmopolitan proxies of aquatic degradation. The levels of both protein and carbohydrate content, but also photosynthetic pigments, recorded in the adjacent coastal zone suggest meso-eutrophic conditions as contamination levels from the inner bay might become diluted off shore. Multivariate diatom species-environmental data relationships, indicate that the trophic gradient is hierarchically more important than salinity in explaining the diatom distribution. The present data imply an improvement in our ability of assessing organic contamination in the study area, since both biological and biopolymer variables were introduced for the first time as a tool for assessing the benthic health/degradation in one of the most populated regions of the Río de la Plata

Mutagenic and genotoxic potential of pure Cylindrospermopsin by a battery of in vitro tests

Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanobacterial toxin with an increasing world-wide occurrence. The main route of human exposure is through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. The European Food Safety Authority has identified the need to further characterize the toxicological profile of cyanotoxins and in this regard the genotoxicity is a key toxicological effect. The data available in the scientific literature show contradictory results. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of pure CYN using a battery of different in vitro assays including: the bacterial reverse-mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) (0–10 μg/mL), the mammalian cell micronucleus (MN) test (0–1.35 μg/mL and 0–2 μg/mL in absence or presence of S9 fraction, respectively) and the mouse lymphoma thymidine-kinase assay (MLA)(0–0.675 μg/mL) on L5178YTk ± cells, and the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays (0–2.5 μg/mL) on Caco-2 cells. Positive results were obtained only when the metabolic fraction S9 was employed in the MN test, suggesting pro-genotoxic properties of CYN. Also, DNA damage was not mediated by oxidative stress as CYN did not induced changes in the modified comet assay. These data could contribute to a better risk assessment of this cyanotoxin.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2015-64558-R, MINECO/FEDER, U

Synthesis of PPy/PW12O403- organic-inorganic hybrid material on polyester yarns and subsequent weaving to obtain conductive fabrics

In this paper, we study the morphological, chemical and electrochemical characteristics of conductive fabrics obtained by weaving conductive yarns of polyester chemically coated with PPy (polypyrrole)/PW12O403-. The weaving process allows us to obtain conductive fabrics with higher dimensions than those traditionally obtained by in-situ chemical oxidation methods. Untwisted yarns and satin fabrics produced the most satisfactory results. The yarns of PES - PPy/PW12O403- as well as the fabric obtained after weaving, were chemically characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection and energy dispersive X-ray. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the morphology of the coating as well as the formation of defects during the weaving process. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to measure the conductivity of the fabrics and the conductive nature by means of the phase angle. The process was satisfactory since the coating of polypyrrole was not excessively damaged by the weaving processThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia and European Union Funds (FEDER) (grant number CTM2010-18842-C02-02); and Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (grant number PAID-06-10).Romero, E.; Molina Puerto, J.; Del Río García, AI.; Bonastre Cano, JA.; Cases Iborra, FJ. (2011). Synthesis of PPy/PW12O403- organic-inorganic hybrid material on polyester yarns and subsequent weaving to obtain conductive fabrics. Textile Research Journal. 81(14):1427-1437. doi:10.1177/0040517511407379S142714378114Service, R. F. (2003). TECHNOLOGY: Electronic Textiles Charge Ahead. Science, 301(5635), 909-911. doi:10.1126/science.301.5635.909De Rossi, D. (2007). A logical step. Nature Materials, 6(5), 328-329. doi:10.1038/nmat1892Hamedi, M., Forchheimer, R., & Inganäs, O. (2007). Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres. Nature Materials, 6(5), 357-362. doi:10.1038/nmat1884Lekpittaya, P., Yanumet, N., Grady, B. P., & O’Rear, E. A. (2004). Resistivity of conductive polymer-coated fabric. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 92(4), 2629-2636. doi:10.1002/app.20270Kincal, D., Kumar, A., Child, A. D., & Reynolds, J. R. (1998). Conductivity switching in polypyrrole-coated textile fabrics as gas sensors. Synthetic Metals, 92(1), 53-56. doi:10.1016/s0379-6779(98)80022-2Wu, J., Zhou, D., Too, C. O., & Wallace, G. G. (2005). Conducting polymer coated lycra. Synthetic Metals, 155(3), 698-701. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.08.032Oh, K. W., Park, H. J., & Kim, S. H. (2003). Stretchable conductive fabric for electrotherapy. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 88(5), 1225-1229. doi:10.1002/app.11783Kim, S. H., Oh, K. W., & Bahk, J. H. (2004). Electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole and Cu-plated nylon/spandex for electrotherapeutic pad electrode. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 91(6), 4064-4071. doi:10.1002/app.13625Bhat, N. V., Seshadri, D. T., Nate, M. M., & Gore, A. V. (2006). Development of conductive cotton fabrics for heating devices. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102(5), 4690-4695. doi:10.1002/app.24708Hakansson, E., Kaynak, A., Lin, T., Nahavandi, S., Jones, T., & Hu, E. (2004). Characterization of conducting polymer coated synthetic fabrics for heat generation. Synthetic Metals, 144(1), 21-28. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.01.003Boutrois, J. P., Jolly, R., & Pétrescu, C. (1997). Process of polypyrrole deposit on textile. Product characteristics and applications. Synthetic Metals, 85(1-3), 1405-1406. doi:10.1016/s0379-6779(97)80294-9Kuhn, H. H., Child, A. D., & Kimbrell, W. C. (1995). Toward real applications of conductive polymers. Synthetic Metals, 71(1-3), 2139-2142. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(94)03198-fVaresano, A., & Tonin, C. (2008). Improving Electrical Performances of Wool Textiles: Synthesis of Conducting Polypyrrole on the Fiber Surface. Textile Research Journal, 78(12), 1110-1115. doi:10.1177/0040517507077488Najar, S. S., Kaynak, A., & Foitzik, R. C. (2007). Conductive wool yarns by continuous vapour phase polymerization of pyrrole. Synthetic Metals, 157(1), 1-4. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2006.11.003Kaynak, A., Najar, S. S., & Foitzik, R. C. (2008). Conducting nylon, cotton and wool yarns by continuous vapor polymerization of pyrrole. Synthetic Metals, 158(1-2), 1-5. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2007.10.016Neoh, K. G., Young, T. T., Kang, E. T., & Tan, K. L. (1997). Structural and mechanical degradation of polypyrrole films due to aqueous media and heat treatment and the subsequent redoping characteristics. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 64(3), 519-526. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19970418)64:33.0.co;2-nLin, T., Wang, L., Wang, X., & Kaynak, A. (2005). Polymerising pyrrole on polyester textiles and controlling the conductivity through coating thickness. Thin Solid Films, 479(1-2), 77-82. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2004.11.146Ferrero, F., Napoli, L., Tonin, C., & Varesano, A. (2006). Pyrrole chemical polymerization on textiles: Kinetics and operating conditions. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102(5), 4121-4126. doi:10.1002/app.24149Garg, S., Hurren, C., & Kaynak, A. (2007). Improvement of adhesion of conductive polypyrrole coating on wool and polyester fabrics using atmospheric plasma treatment. Synthetic Metals, 157(1), 41-47. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2006.12.004Molina, J., del Río, A. I., Bonastre, J., & Cases, F. (2008). Chemical and electrochemical polymerisation of pyrrole on polyester textiles in presence of phosphotungstic acid. European Polymer Journal, 44(7), 2087-2098. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.04.007Seung Lee, H., & Hong, J. (2000). Chemical synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole coated on porous membranes and its electrochemical stability. Synthetic Metals, 113(1-2), 115-119. doi:10.1016/s0379-6779(00)00193-4Gasana, E., Westbroek, P., Hakuzimana, J., De Clerck, K., Priniotakis, G., Kiekens, P., & Tseles, D. (2006). Electroconductive textile structures through electroless deposition of polypyrrole and copper at polyaramide surfaces. Surface and Coatings Technology, 201(6), 3547-3551. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.08.128Dall’Acqua, L., Tonin, C., Varesano, A., Canetti, M., Porzio, W., & Catellani, M. (2006). Vapour phase polymerisation of pyrrole on cellulose-based textile substrates. Synthetic Metals, 156(5-6), 379-386. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.12.021Dall’Acqua, L., Tonin, C., Peila, R., Ferrero, F., & Catellani, M. (2004). Performances and properties of intrinsic conductive cellulose–polypyrrole textiles. Synthetic Metals, 146(2), 213-221. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.07.005Gomez-Romero, P. (2001). Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials—In Search of Synergic Activity. Advanced Materials, 13(3), 163-174. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200102)13:33.0.co;2-uCui, Y., Wu, Q., & Mao, J. (2004). Preparation and conductivity of polypyrrole molybdotungstovanadogermanic heteropoly acid hybrid material. Materials Letters, 58(19), 2354-2356. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2004.02.037KORMALI, P., TRIANTIS, T., DIMOTIKALI, D., HISKIA, A., & PAPACONSTANTINOU, E. (2006). On the photooxidative behavior of TiO2 and PW12O403−: OH radicals versus holes. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 68(3-4), 139-146. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.07.024DEVASSY, B., LEFEBVRE, F., & HALLIGUDI, S. (2005). Zirconia-supported 12-tungstophosphoric acid as a solid catalyst for the synthesis of linear alkyl benzenes. Journal of Catalysis, 231(1), 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2004.09.024Zhu, J., Wei, S., Zhang, L., Mao, Y., Ryu, J., Mavinakuli, P., … Guo, Z. (2010). Conductive Polypyrrole/Tungsten Oxide Metacomposites with Negative Permittivity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114(39), 16335-16342. doi:10.1021/jp1062463Kuhn HH and Child AD Electrically conducting textiles. In: Skotheim TA, Elsenbaumer RL and Reynolds JR (eds) Handbook of conducting polymers . New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1998, pp. 993-1013.Avlyanov, J. K., Kuhn, H. H., Josefowicz, J. Y., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (1997). In-situ deposited thin films of polypyrrole: conformational changes induced by variation of dopant and substrate surface. Synthetic Metals, 84(1-3), 153-154. doi:10.1016/s0379-6779(97)80689-3Vishnuvardhan, T. K., Kulkarni, V. R., Basavaraja, C., & Raghavendra, S. C. (2006). Synthesis, characterization and a.c. conductivity of polypyrrole/Y2O3 composites. Bulletin of Materials Science, 29(1), 77-83. doi:10.1007/bf02709360Feng, W., Zhang, T. R., Liu, Y., Lu, R., Zhao, Y. Y., & Yao, J. N. (2003). Journal of Materials Science, 38(5), 1045-1048. doi:10.1023/a:1022302031156Su, W., & Iroh, J. O. (1999). Electropolymerization of pyrrole on steel substrate in the presence of oxalic acid and amines. Electrochimica Acta, 44(13), 2173-2184. doi:10.1016/s0013-4686(98)00343-0López, J., Parres, F., Rico, I., Molina, J., Bonastre, J., & Cases, F. (2010). Monitoring the polymerization process of polypyrrole films by thermogravimetric and X-ray analysis. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 102(2), 695-701. doi:10.1007/s10973-010-0870-1Andanson, J.-M., & Kazarian, S. G. (2008). In situ ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Subjected to High-Temperature Methanol. Macromolecular Symposia, 265(1), 195-204. doi:10.1002/masy.200850521Al-Jabareen, A., Illescas, S., Maspoch, M. L., & Santana, O. O. (2010). Effects of composition and transesterification catalysts on the physico-chemical and dynamic properties of PC/PET blends rich in PC. Journal of Materials Science, 45(24), 6623-6633. doi:10.1007/s10853-010-4753-4Gregory, R. V., Kimbrell, W. C., & Kuhn, H. H. (1989). Conductive textiles. Synthetic Metals, 28(1-2), 823-835. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(89)90610-3Textor, T., & Mahltig, B. (2010). A sol–gel based surface treatment for preparation of water repellent antistatic textiles. Applied Surface Science, 256(6), 1668-1674. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.09.09

Study of the Reuse of Industrial Wastewater After Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Effluents without External Addition of Chloride

[EN] The interference of human beings in the environment is causing rapid intense environmental damage which is particularly evident in the depletion of natural resources. Research into powerful practical treatments to decolorize and degrade colored textile wastewater is an important challenge nowadays for the textile industry due to environmental considerations, along with the potential water saving. It has been verified, in previous studies, that electrochemical oxidation-reduction treatment with doped SnO2 anodes was effective. In particular, those belonging to a trychromy (mix of three reactive dyes) achieved a significant reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC), as well as the decolorization of the treated solutions. Subsequently, the next step is to proceed to study and verify that these treated waters can be reused in subsequent dyes and that acceptable values of color equalization in the dyed fabrics can be achieved. The color differences obtained in the dyed fabrics in the four studied reuses are below the threshold of acceptance of color differences in the textile industry, which is one unit. The only electrolyte used was sodium sulphate. Chloride was not added externally in order to avoid as far as possible indirect oxidation. This allows a true test of the electrooxidantion power of the anodes. In these conditions, the Ti/SnO2-Sb-Pt DSA electrode is stable. The degree of mineralization is evaluated by measurements of TOC and COD. These data also allow the Average Oxidation State (AOS) at the end of each electrolysis, as well as information on the efficiency in each case through the Carbon Oxidation State (COS) and Average Current Efficiency (ACE) to be established. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the decolorization kinetics and the evolution of the generated intermediates. Comparison of the spectra obtained by UV-Visible Spectroscopy allows the decolorization from the initial state to the end of the electrolysis to be monitored.The authors wish to thank the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and European Union (FEDER funds) for the financial support (contract MAT2016-77742-C2-1-P). The authors wish to acknowledge Tim Vickers for help with the English revision and Texcoy S.L. company (Spain) where the dyeing processes were done.Orts Maiques, FJ.; Del Río García, AI.; Molina Puerto, J.; Bonastre Cano, JA.; Cases, F. (2019). Study of the Reuse of Industrial Wastewater After Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Effluents without External Addition of Chloride. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 14(2):1733-1750. https://doi.org/10.20964/2019.02.27S1733175014

Study on the specific capacitance of an activated carbon cloth modified with reduced graphene oxide and polyaniline by cyclic voltammetry

This work describes a two-step process for the electrochemical coating of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and polyaniline (PANI) onto an activated carbon cloth (ACC) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The fact that the two syntheses are carried out independently of each other, makes it possible to select the experimental conditions for each one and to study the electrochemical response of RGO, PANI, and PANI onto RGO (RGOPANI), separately. Thus, by modifying the potential limits of the aniline-polymerization reaction, it was possible to observe the influence of RGO and the maximum amount of PANI that the carbon cloth can receive in terms of proper electrochemical response. Electrochemical properties were characterized by CV, galvanostatic charge-discharge curves (using three or two-electrodes symmetric cell configurations) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A maximum improvement of 25%, 56% and 61% over the initial specific capacitance of ACC (about 129 F g−1) were obtained for RGO, PANI and RGOPANI coatings, respectively. Good cycling stability retaining 83% of the initial capacitance, after 1000 cycles stability test, was obtained for RGOPANI sample. Promising results of energy and power densities were also achieved. In the analyses by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the PANI-bands could be clearly identified which is indicative of a significant presence of PANI. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed the morphology of RGO, PANI and RGOPANI onto the ACC fibers. These analyses helped to explain the electrochemical results.The authors wish to acknowledge to Chemviron Carbon who kindly donated the ZORFLEX (R) activated carbon fabric. The authors wish to thank the Spanish Agenda Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and European Union (FEDER funds) for the financial support (contract MAT2016-77742-C2-1-P). Tim Vickers is gratefully acknowledged for help with the English revision.Fernández Sáez, J.; Bonastre Cano, JA.; Molina Puerto, J.; Del Río García, AI.; Cases Iborra, FJ. (2017). Study on the specific capacitance of an activated carbon cloth modified with reduced graphene oxide and polyaniline by cyclic voltammetry. European Polymer Journal. 92:194-203. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.04.044S1942039

ATP-P2X7 Receptor Modulates Axon Initial Segment Composition and Function in Physiological Conditions and Brain Injury

© 2014 The Author. All rights reserved. Axon properties, including action potential initiation and modulation, depend on both AIS integrity and the regulation of ion channel expression in the AIS. Alteration of the axon initial segment (AIS) has been implicated in neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and brain trauma diseases, thus identification of the physiological mechanisms that regulate the AIS is required to understand and circumvent AIS alterations in pathological conditions. Here, we show that the purinergic P2X7 receptor and its agonist, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), modulate both structural proteins and ion channel density at the AIS in cultured neurons and brain slices. In cultured hippocampal neurons, an increment of extracellular ATP concentration or P2X7-green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression reduced the density of ankyrin G and voltage-gated sodium channels at the AIS. This effect is mediated by P2X7-regulated calcium influx and calpain activation, and impaired by P2X7 inhibition with Brilliant Blue G (BBG), or P2X7 suppression. Electrophysiological studies in brain slices showed that P2X7-GFP transfection decreased both sodium current amplitude and intrinsic neuronal excitability, while P2X7 inhibition had the opposite effect. Finally, inhibition of P2X7 with BBG prevented AIS disruption after ischemia/reperfusion in rats. In conclusion, our study demonstrates an involvement of P2X7 receptors in the regulation of AIS mediated neuronal excitability in physiological and pathological conditions.Plan Nacional I+D+i (Spain), INSERM and Agence National de la Recherche (EXCION, EPISOM)Peer Reviewe

Electrochemical treatment of real textile wastewater: Trichromy Procion HEXL

[EN] The electrochemical treatment of wastewaters from the textile industry is a promising technique for not easily biodegradable compounds. This work is aimed at studying the electrochemical degradation of bifunctional reactive dyes after a real dyeing process. These are: Procion Yellow HELX®, Procion Crimson HELX® and Procion Navy HELX®, which are widely used in dyeing processes of cellulose fibers. Their structure is mainly characterized by the presence of two azo groups as chromophore group and two monochlorotriazinic groups as reactive groups. Electrolyses were carried out under galvanostatic conditions in an undivided electrolytic cell. Ti/SnO2-Sb-Pt and stainless steel electrodes were used as anode and cathode, respectively. In all cases Na2SO4 was used as electrolyte without external addition of chloride. The degree of degradation was evaluated by means of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measurements. The decolourization kinetics and the presence of the intermediates generated due to of the electrochemical treatment were studied by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and these studies were also carried out with UV¿Visible and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopies. In all cases, a decrease in TOC and COD, and a complete decolourization were obtained after the electrochemical treatment. AOS and COS data proved the presence of oxidised intermediates in solution after the electrolyses. These results suggest the possibility of reusing the treated water in several dyeing processes.The authors wish to thank the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and European Union (FEDER funds) for the financial support (contract MAT2016-77742-C2-1-P). A.I. del Rio is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia for her FPI fellowship. J. Molina is grateful to the Conselleria d'Educacio, Formacio i Ocupacio (Generalitat Valenciana) for the Programa VALi + D Postdoctoral Fellowship (APOSTD/2013/056). The authors wish to acknowledge to the Texcoy S.L. company (Spain) where the dyeing processes were done and Tim Vickers for help with the English revision.Orts Maiques, FJ.; Del Río García, AI.; Molina Puerto, J.; Bonastre Cano, JA.; Cases, F. (2018). Electrochemical treatment of real textile wastewater: Trichromy Procion HEXL. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 808:387-394. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.06.051S38739480

Chemical, electrical and electrochemical characterization of hybrid organic/inorganic polypyrrole/PW12O403- coating deposited on polyester fabrics

A study of the stability of conducting fabrics of polyester (PES) coated with polypyrrole/PW12O403¿ (organic/inorganic hybrid material) in different pH solutions (1, 7, 13) has been done. Washing tests were also done in views of its possible application in electronic textiles such as antistatic clothing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies have been done to quantify the amount of counter ion that remains in the polymer matrix and determine the doping ratio (N+/N) after the different tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to observe morphological differences after the different tests. Surface resistivity changes were measured by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was employed to measure changes in electroactivity after the different tests. Higher pHs caused a decrease of the doping ratio (N+/N), the loss of part of the counter ions and the decrease of its conducting and electrocatalytic properties. The stability in acid media and neutral media and after the washing test was good. Only at pH 13 the loss of the counter ion was widespread and there was a decrease of its conducting and catalytic properties; although the fabrics continued acting mainly as a conducting material.Authors thank the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia, European Union Funds (FEDER) (contract CTM2007-66570-C02-02) and Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Programa de apoyo a la investigacion y desarrollo de la UPV (PAID-05-08)) for the financial support. J. Molina is grateful to the Conselleria d'Educacio (Generalitat Valenciana) for the FPI fellowship. A.I. del Rio is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia for the FPI fellowship.Molina Puerto, J.; Fernández Sáez, J.; Del Río García, AI.; Bonastre Cano, JA.; Cases Iborra, FJ. (2011). Chemical, electrical and electrochemical characterization of hybrid organic/inorganic polypyrrole/PW12O403- coating deposited on polyester fabrics. Applied Surface Science. 257:10056-10064. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.06.140S100561006425

In vitro toxicological assessment of an organosulfur compound from Allium extract: Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity studies

Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) are being used in the food industry as flavoring but also for their antimicrobial activities. These activities are mainly derived from the organosulfur compounds (OSCs). Propyl propane thiosulfinate (PTS) is an OSC with potential use in the active packaging, but its safety should be guaranteed before being commercialized. The aim of this work was to investigate for the first time the cytotoxicity of PTS as well as its in vitro mutagenic/genotoxic potential using the following battery of genotoxicity tests:(1)the bacterial reverse-mutation assay in S. typhimurium (Ames test, OECD 471, 1997); (2) the micronucleus test (MN, OECD 487, 2016); (3) the mouse lymphoma thymidine-kinase assay (MLA, OECD 476, 2015), and (4) the comet assay (standard and modified with restriction enzymes). The results revealed that PTS was not mutagenic neither in the Ames test nor in MLA. However, genotoxic effects were recorded in the MN test on mammalian cells (L5178YTk+/−cells) after PTS exposure at the highest concentration tested (17.25 μM) without S9, and also its metabolites (+S9, from 20 μM). Moreover, in the comet assay, PTS induced DNA breaks damage in Caco-2 cells at the highest concentration tested (280 μM) but it did not induce oxidative DNA damage.Spanish Ministry of Scienceand Innovation (AGL2012-38357-C02-01) co-financed by FEDER fundsJunta de Andalucía (AGR-7252