Влияние Китайской реформы налога на добавленную стоимость 2009 года на инвестиции и занятость – эмпирический анализ данных Национального налогового исследования

The article analyzes the impact of the 2009 VAT reform in China on investment and employment. This reform was a key step in improving the VAT tax system in the long term, and one of the key measures to structurally reduce taxes in response to the global financial crisis in the short term. The data for this analysis were provided by the “National Tax Survey” jointly conducted by the Chinese Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation. We measured the impact of the VAT reform using the difference-in-differences method: we compared the difference between the experimental group and the control group before and after the reform. There were two kinds of organizations in our control group. The first kind consisted of enterprises that did not pay the VAT and small-scale VAT-paying enterprises that did not subtract the input taxes for fixed assets investment. The second kind comprised organizations that had not been included in pilot experiments before 2009 and foreign-invested corporations that were allowed to deduct the input tax for fixed asset investment before and after 2009. The experimental group consisted of ordinary VAT-paying enterprises that had not been included in the pilot study before 2009 and were affected by the 2009 reform. Our estimations lead us to the conclusion that the VAT tax reform of 2009 significantly enhanced the companies’ physical investment in machinery and equipment, but had no impact on employment. When comparing physical investment and employment in 2007 with 2008 and 2009, we detected a downward trend, which may reflect the impact of the global financial crisis on Chinese business. The total corporate profits and profit margins have little impact on business investment and employment, while the asset size and the tax burden show a significant positive impact. Thus, the reform significantly increased business investment in fixed assets, but had no obvious effect on employment.For citationWang Dehua, Wu Han. The Impact of 2009 VAT Reform on Enterprise Investment and Employment – Empirical Analysis Based on Chinese Tax Survey Data. Journal of Tax Reform. 2019;5(2):166–176. DOI: 10.15826/jtr.2019.5.2.066Article infoReceived May 17, 2019; accepted August 11, 2019В статье анализируется влияние реформы налога на добавленную стоимость, проведенной в Китае в 2009 г., на инвестиции и занятость. В долгосрочной перспективе реформа должна была кардинально улучшить налогообложение добавленной стоимости, а в краткосрочной – ответить структурным снижением налогов на глобальный финансовый кризис. Использованы данные «Национального налогового исследования» проводимого совместно Министерством финансов Китая и Государственной налоговой администрацией. Влияние реформы НДС оценивалось методом «разность-в разностях», путем сравнения экспериментальной и контрольной групп до и после реформы. В контрольную группу были включены два вида организаций. Во-первых, неплательщики НДС и мелкие налогоплательщики, не применяющие вычет входного НДС по инвестициям в основной капитал. Во-вторых, организации, включенные в пилотный эксперимент по НДС до 2009 г. и корпорации с иностранными инвестициями, которым было разрешено вычитать входящий налог для инвестиций в основной капитал до и после 2009 г. В экспериментальную группу включены обычные организации – плательщики НДС, которые не были включены в пилотный эксперимент по НДС до 2009 г., на которых реформа НДС оказала свое воздействие. На основе проведенной оценки был сделан вывод, что реформа НДС значительно увеличила объемы инвестиций в машины и оборудование, но не оказала воздействия на занятость. При этом, сравнение физических объемов инвестиций и занятости в 2007 и 2008–2009 гг. показывает тенденцию показателей к снижению, что отражает влияние на китайский бизнес глобального финансового кризиса. Общая корпоративная прибыль и маржинальная прибыль мало повлияли на инвестиции и занятость, в то время как величина активов и налоговая нагрузка оказали на них значительное положительное влияние. Основным выводом исследования является то, что реформа повлияла на существенное увеличение инвестиций бизнеса в основной капитал, но не оказала заметного влияния на занятость.Для цитированияВан Дэхуа, У Хань. Влияние Китайской реформы налога на добавленную стоимость 2009 года на инвестиции и занятость – эмпирический анализ данных Национального налогового исследования // Journal of Tax Reform. — 2019. — Т. 5, № 2. — С. 166–176. — DOI: 10.15826/jtr.2019.5.2.066Информация о статьеДата поступления 17 мая 2019 г.; дата принятия к печати 11 августа 2019 г

Protein kinase CK2α is overexpressed in colorectal cancer and modulates cell proliferation and invasion via regulating EMT-related genes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Protein kinase CK2 is a highly conserved, ubiquitous protein serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates many substrates and has a global role in numerous biological and pathological processes. Overexpression of the protein kinase CK2α subunit (CK2α) has been associated with the malignant transformation of several tissues, with not nearly as much focus on the role of CK2α in colorectal cancer (CRC). The aims of this study are to investigate the function and regulatory mechanism of CK2α in CRC development.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Expression levels of CK2α were analyzed in 144 patients (104 with CRC and 40 with colorectal adenoma) by immunohistochemistry. Proliferation, senescence, motility and invasion assays as well as immunofluorescence staining and western blots were performed to assess the effect of CK2α in CRC.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The immunohistochemical expression of nuclear CK2α was stronger in tumor tissues than in adenomas and normal colorectal tissues. Suppression of CK2α by small-interfering RNA or the CK2α activity inhibitor emodin inhibited proliferation of CRC cells, caused G0/G1 phase arrest, induced cell senescence, elevated the expression of p53/p21 and decreased the expression of C-myc. We also found that knockdown of CK2α suppressed cell motility and invasion. Significantly, CK2α inhibition resulted in β-catenin transactivation, decreased the expression levels of vimentin and the transcription factors snail1 and smad2/3, and increased the expression of E-cadherin, suggesting that CK2α regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in cancer cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results indicate that CK2α plays an essential role in the development of CRC, and inhibition of CK2α may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for human CRC.</p

Photo-Otto engine with quantum correlations

We theoretically prose and investigate a photo-Otto engine that is working with a single-mode radiation field inside an optical cavity and alternatively driven by a hot and a cold reservoir, where the hot reservoir is realized by sending one of a pair of correlated two-level atoms to pass through the optical cavity, and the cold one is made of a collection of noninteracting boson modes. In terms of the quantum discord of the pair of atoms, we derive the analytical expressions for the performance parameters (power and efficiency) and stability measure (coefficient of variation for power). We show that quantum discord boosts the performance and efficiency of the quantum engine, and even may change the operation mode. We also demonstrate that quantum discord improves the stability of machine by decreasing the coefficient of variation for power which satisfies the generalized thermodynamic uncertainty relation. Finally, we find that these results can be transferred to another photo-Otto engine model, where the optical cavity is alternatively coupled to a hot thermal bosonic bath and to a beam of pairs of the two correlated atoms that play the role of a cold reservoir

Perioperative management and prognosis in over aged patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery： experience with 828 cases in a single center

Objective To investigate perioperative management and prognosis in patients aged≥80 years old undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Methods Clinical data of 828 patients aged≥80 years old undergoing non-cardiac surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Intraoperative hypotension， accumulated time of hypotension， operation time， intraoperative blood loss， postoperative ICU admission， length of ICU stay， length of hospital stay， cost of care， perioperative complications need to be treated， and perioperative death were recorded and analyzed. Results The mean age of 828 patients was （84&#x00B1;4） years old. All cases were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologist （ASA） gradeⅡ-Ⅴ. Postoperative complications occurred in 111 patients （13.4%）， and postoperative death occurred in 24 patients （2.9%）. The incidence of postoperative complications and death in thoracic， neuro-，and vascular surgery was 29% and 17%， the highest among various types of operations （all P &lt; 0.05）. Among patients with different ASA grades， the incidence of postoperative complications and death in patients with ASA gradeⅣand V was significantly higher than that in their counterparts with ASA gradeⅡ（both P &lt; 0.001）. The selection of anesthesia approach did not affect the incidence of postoperative complications and death in different operations except thoracic， neuro-， and vascular surgery under general anesthesia （P &gt; 0.05）. Compared with patients with intraoperative systolic pressure of &lt;120 mmHg， the incidence of postoperative complications was significantly higher in those with systolic pressure of &lt; 90 mmHg（P &lt; 0.05）. The proportion of ICU admission， length of hospital stay， and incidence of postoperative complications were significantly increased over age （all P &lt; 0.01）， whereas postoperative death rate did not differ among patients of different ages （P &gt; 0.05）. Conclusions Patients aged≥80 years old have high incidence of postoperative complications and death rates， which is probably associated with high-risk operation and intraoperative hypotension， especially systolic hypotension of &lt; 90 mmHg enduring for≥10 min

Case report: Abolishing primary resistance to PD-1 blockade by short-term treatment of lenvatinib in a patient with advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy has been extensively used in treatment of patients with advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Several prospective clinical trials showed that the combined treatment of anti-PD-1 antibody plus lenvatinib, a potent receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), exhibited high response rate compared with single-agent sunitinib. However, whether the patients with primary resistance to PD-1 blockade could benefit from the addition of lenvatinib is still unclear. Herein, we reported a patient with mRCC who was primary resistant to pembrolizumab and achieved a durable complete response after a short-term treatment with lenvatinib. This case report indicates that the patients with primary resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy could benefit from the short-term lenvatinib in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy, and provides a useful paradigm worthy of establishing a clinical trial for mRCC patients with primary resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy