Bone density may affect primary stability of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction when organic core bone plug fixation technique used

© The Author(s) 2021. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Purpose: Core Bone Plug Fixation (CBPF) technique is an implant-less methodology for ACL reconstruction. This study investigates the effect of bone density on CBPF stability to identify the bone quality that is likely to benefit from this technique. Methods: Artificial blocks with 160 (Group 1), 240 (Group 2), and 320 (Group 3) kg/m3 densities were used to simulate human bone with diverse qualities. These groups are representative of the elderly, middle age and young people, respectively. A tunnel was made in each test sample using a cannulated drill bit which enabled harvesting the core bone plug intact. Fresh animal tendon grafts were prepared and passed through the tunnel, so the core bone was pushed in to secure the tendon. The fixation stability was tested by applying a cyclic load following by a pullout load until the failure occurred. The selected group was compared with interference screw fixation technique as a gold standard method in ACL reconstruction. Results: The Group 2 stiffness and yield strength were significantly larger than Group 1. The graft slippage of Group 1 was significantly less than Group 3. The ultimate strengths were 310 N and 363 N, in Groups 2 and 3, significantly larger than that of Group 1. The ultimate strength in fixation by interference screw was 693.18 N, significantly larger than the bone plug method. Conclusions: The stability of CBPF was greatly affected by bone density. This technique is more suitable for young and middle-aged people. With further improvements, the CBPF might be an alternative ACL reconstruction technique for patients with good bone quality. Clinical relevance: The CBPF technique offers an implant-less organic ACL reconstruction technique with numerous advantages and likely would speed up the healing process by using the patient’s own bones and tissues rather than any non-biologic fixations.Peer reviewe

On the residual stress modeling of shot-peened AISI 4340 steel: finite element and response surface methods

Shot peening is a well-known process in applying the residual stress on the surface of industrial parts. The induced residual stress improves fatigue life. In this study, the effects of shot peening parameters such as shot diameter, shot speed, friction coefficient, and the number of impacts on the applied residual stress will be evaluated. To assess these parameters effect, firstly the shot peening process has been simulated by finite element method. Then, effects of the process parameters on the residual stress have been evaluated by response surface method as a statistical approach. Finally, a strong model is presented to predict the maximum residual stress induced by shot peening process in AISI 4340 steel. Also, the optimum parameters for the maximum residual stress are achieved. The results indicate that effect of shot diameter on the induced residual stress is increased by increasing the shot speed. Also, enhancing the friction coefficient magnitude always cannot lead to increase in the residual stress

Study of The effect of thickness and initial geometric imperfection of cylindrical composite shell on the buckling behavior in axial pressure

Today, composite cylindrical shells extensively, have been used in aerospace to increase the performance of the structures. Experience has shown that, when the shells are under compressive loading, Buckling phenomenon will be the most important factor in structural failure. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to study the buckling behavior of composite shells and effective parameters in occurrence of buckling. For this purpose, the finite element simulation by ABAQUS software has been used. First, the estimation of the buckling force for an experimental specimen occurred by using three analyses, including: linear buckle, nonlinear static and dynamic, to compare with experimental findings. Results indicated that the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis, were able to estimate the actual buckling force. The estimation accuracy with respect to the experiment results is about 3~7 percent. After validation process, specimens with different thickness and initial geometric imperfections have been studied and buckling force was measured by using linear buckling and nonlinear static analysis. Finding showed that even slight geometric imperfections, especially for low thickness of shell, could extremely reduced the real buckling force. As a result, high sensitivity of composite shells to initial geometric imperfections, will lead to an unreliable estimation of the buckling force, if there is not enough knowledge of these geometrical imperfections