Minimal tuberculosis: a discussion of assessment, prognosis, and treatment, based on 64 cases

With the development of mass radiography Pulmonary Tuberculosis is being diagnosed at an earlier stage in a higher percentage of cases and as a result the problem of the " Minimal" lesion has become a very vital one. Once it ha.s been decided that a lesion roust be considered tuberculous, it is the question of its activity, prognosis, and treatment that is of importance. More and more the difficulties and limitations of our methods of assessment of the activity of small lesions are being realised. The problems of prognosis and treatment are perhaps easier to solve once the degree of activity of a lesion has been assessed, but here there are also many differences of opinion, especially regarding the advisability of collapse therapy and the optimum time for its introduction.I propose to discuss these problems, basing my observations on 64 cases of minimal tuberculosis which have been followed up for from one to five years. Various other questions which arise out of the discussion of these problems will also be referred to.For the purpose of this discussion Minimal Tuberculosis is defined as by the National Tuberculosis Association of America.The cases in this paper are a, selected group in that they are all females aged from 15 to 40 years of age, mostly from the lower income groups. The majority of them were patients sent to the sanatorium wards of Law Hospital, Carluke, Lanarkshire, by the Tuberculosis Officers of the West of Scotland, during the years of 1942 to 1947. The others were nurses and patients seen in the general wards of the hospital. As such, these cases are not representative of minimal cases in general,for the following reasons s Only a. few were diagnosed by miniature mass radiography or routine radiography, most of them had been examined because of a history of contact with an active case, or because of the presence of symptoms. Furthermore, they had been selected in that they had been considered active by an experienced Tuberculosis Officer who had recommended their admission to a sanatorium.I hope to prove in this paper particularly two points : 1/ The need for close and prolonged supervision of the minimal lesion, whatever its nature, and 2/ the need for early consideration of collapse therapy.Even this small series of cases seems to me to be illustrative enough to point these lessons

Impactite and pseudotachylite from Roter Kamm Crater, Namibia

Pseudotachylite is known to occur in a variety of geologic settings including thrust belts (e.g., the Alps and the Himalayas) and impact craters such as Roter Kamm, Namibia. Controversy exists, however, as to whether pseudotachylite can be produced by shock brecciation as well as by tectonic frictional melting. Also open to debate is the question of whether pseudotachylites form by frictional fusion or by cataclasis. It was speculated that the pseudotachylite at Roter Kamm was formed by extensional settling and adjustment of basement blocks during 'late modification stage' of impact. The occurrence of pseudotachylite in association with rocks resembling quenched glass bombs and melt breccias in a relatively young crater of known impact origin offers a rare opportunity to compare features of these materials. Petrographic, x-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analyses of the impactites and pseudotachylites are being employed to determine the modes of deformation and to assess the role of frictional melting and comminution of adjacent target rocks

Rapid isolation of malvidin 3-glucoside from red wine by high speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC)

Research Not

The "lessons" of the Australian "heroin shortage"

Heroin use causes considerable harm to individual users including dependence, fatal and nonfatal overdose, mental health problems, and blood borne virus transmission. It also adversely affects the community through drug dealing, property crime and reduced public amenity. During the mid to late 1990s in Australia the prevalence of heroin use increased as reflected in steeply rising overdose deaths. In January 2001, there were reports of an unpredicted and unprecedented reduction in heroin supply with an abrupt onset in all Australian jurisdictions. The shortage was most marked in New South Wales, the State with the largest heroin market, which saw increases in price, dramatic decreases in purity at the street level, and reductions in the ease with which injecting drug users reported being able to obtain the drug. The abrupt onset of the shortage and a subsequent dramatic reduction in overdose deaths prompted national debate about the causes of the shortage and later international debate about the policy significance of what has come to be called the "Australian heroin shortage". In this paper we summarise insights from four years' research into the causes, consequences and policy implications of the "heroin shortage"

The biology of malignant breast tumors has an impact on the presentation in ultrasound: an analysis of 315 cases

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation of some ultrasound morphological parameters to biological characteristics in breast carcinoma. METHODS: Ultrasound data from 315 breast masses were collected. We analyzed the ultrasound features of the tumors according to the ACR BI-RADS®-US classification system stratified by hormone receptor status, HER2 status, histology grade, tumor type (ductal versus lobular), triple-negativity, breast density, tumor size, lymph node involvement and patient’s age. RESULTS: We found a variety of ultrasound features that varied between the groups. Invasive lobular tumors were more likely to have an angulated margin (39% versus 22%, p = 0.040) and less likely to show posterior acoustic enhancement (3% versus 16%, p = 0.023) compared to invasive ductal carcinoma. G3 tumors were linked to a higher chance of posterior acoustic enhancement and less shadowing and the margin of G3 tumors was more often described as lobulated or microlobulated compared to G1/G2 tumors (67% versus 46%, p = 0.001). Tumors with an over-expression of HER2 exhibited a higher rate of architectural distortions in the surrounding tissue, but there were no differences regarding the other features. Hormone receptor negative tumors were more likely to exhibit a lobulated or microlobulated margin (67% versus 50%, p = 0.037) and less likely to have an echogenic halo (39% versus 64%, p = 0.001). Furthermore, the posterior acoustic feature was more often described as enhancement (33% versus 13%, p = 0.001) and less often as shadowing (20% versus 47%, p < 0.001) compared to hormone receptor positive tumors. CONCLUSION: Depending on their biological and clinical profile, breast cancers are more or less likely to exhibit the typical criteria for malignancy in ultrasound. Moreover, certain types of breast cancer tend to possess criteria that are usually associated with benign masses. False-negative diagnosis may result in serious consequences for the patient. For the sonographer it is essential to be well aware of potential variations in the ultrasound morphology of breast tumors, as described in this paper

Efeito das auxinas 2,4-D, dicamba e picloram na indução de calos em embriões de Schizolobium parahybum.

Resumo

In vitro callogenesis from seedling leaves of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King).

8º IVCHB