Mucosal Immunology in the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes two major phenotypes, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which have different clinical characteristics and immune response profiles. Dysregulation of the intestinal immune response with elevated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is a hallmark of IBD. In this chapter, we will characterize the cells of the innate and adaptive immunity involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Innate lymphoid cells as well as dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, B cells and T cells, including Th1 and Th2, Th9 and Th17 cells will be specifically characterized in this scenario. The cross talks and cytokine-mediated regulation of these cells with emphasis on cytokines IL-17, IL-22 and IL-23 will also be emphasized

Leptin’s and antigen-presenting cells’ functions in periodontitis – an overview / Leptin e as funções das células que apresentam antigénios na periodontite - uma visão geral

Leptin is a hormone synthesized predominantly by white adipose tissue. Its production levels are directly proportional to the total mass of this tissue in an individual’s body. Apart from its classic role in the regulation of hunger and satiety, it also plays an important part in scenarios involving innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been discovered that leptin levels are altered in a variety of inflammatory responses, such as periodontitis, a condition which derives from a persistent inflammatory immune response from a host facing bacterial infection. The initial trigger for this reaction is the recognition of the pathogens by antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, whose actions can be influenced by leptin. This review aims to present the relationship between leptin, dendritic cells and macrophages in the context of periodontal disease. Thus, we have assembled the most important findings related to leptin’s role in the modulation of the immune response carried out by these cells in periodontitis

Polarização de linfócitos: Relevância fisiopatológica de Th9 e Th17

The polarization of TCD4+ cells is one of the most important mechanisms of the immune response. Each of the subtypes or cell patterns are derived from the polarization due to the interaction of TCD4+ naive cells as antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells. The expression of certain transcription factors and the production of specific interleukins constitute the identity of each one of them. In addition to the Th1 and Th2 already described, the role of the Th17 and Th9 polarizations are increasingly present in the initiation of several pathologies and are a promising way to outline possible therapeutic strategies. For the bibliographic review of the descriptive exploratory type, the databases Scielo, PubMed, Lilacs and Bireme.A polarização de células TCD4+ é um dos mecanismos mais importantes da resposta imunológica. Cada um dos subtipos ou padrões de células são originados a partir da polarização decorrente da interação de células TCD4+ naives com antígenos apresentados por células apresentadoras de antígenos. A expressão de determinados fatores de transcrição e a produção de interleucinas específicas constituem a identidade de cada um deles. Além de Th1 e Th2 já comumente descritos, o papel das polarizações Th17 e Th9 se mostram cada vez mais presentes na fisiopatologia de  diversas doenças e constituem um caminho promissor para traçar possíveis estratégias terapêuticas

Deciphering targets of Th17 cells fate : from metabolism to nuclear receptors

Evidence indicates that reprogramming of metabolism is critically important for the differentiation of CD4 + T lymphocytes, and the manipulation of metabolic pathways in these cells may shape their fate and function. Distinct subgroups from T lymphocytes, such as Th17, adopt specific metabolic programmes to support their needs. Some important metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, are considered important for the differentiation of these lymphocytes. Since their discovery nearly a decade ago, Th17 lymphocytes have received significant attention because of their role in the pathology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this review, it will be discussed as the involvement of T cell metabolism and as metabolic reprogramming in activated T cells dictates fate decisions to Th17. The involvement of nuclear receptors such as RORyt e PPARs in the induction of Th17 cells was also discussed. Understanding the metabolic pathways involved in the differentiation of the distinct subgroups of T lymphocytes helps in the design of promising therapeutic proposals904CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPnão temnão tem17/21363-