A Triple Threat: Alcohol Use Disorders in the Presence of Comorbid Chronic Pain Conditions and Depressive Disorders in the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys, 2001-2003

Background: Frequently patients with chronic pain conditions have comorbid depressive disorders. The relationship between the diagnoses is often bidirectional, with the effects of one condition exacerbating the effects of the other. Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are also independently associated with both conditions. This study aims to determine the prevalence of alcohol use disorders among patients with comorbid chronic pain conditions and depressive disorders in a nationally representative sample of US adults and ascertain the characteristics of patients with all three diagnoses. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis utilizes data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), 2001-2003. The sample includes respondents who reported having a chronic pain condition during their lifetime. The outcome is a dichotomous measure of past 12 month AUD, meeting DSM-IV criteria. The exposure is represented as a categorical variable with four groups: no depressive disorder(s) or chronic pain conditions during past year, at least one depressive disorder but no chronic pain conditions during the past year, at least one chronic pain condition during the past year but no depressive disorders during the past year, at least one depressive disorder and at least one chronic pain condition during the past year. Models determining prevalence and patient characteristics were obtained using logistic regression. All analyses account for complex survey design effects. Preliminary Results: Results show an elevated association between having a comorbid chronic pain condition and a depressive disorder and an AUD during the past 12 months, POR=1.914 (0.394, 9.573). This association is not present for the other exposure categories: past year chronic pain but no depressive disorder and past year depressive disorder but no chronic pain. Subsequent models concur after adjusting for potential confounding variables. The prevalence of past year comorbid chronic pain conditions and depressive disorders is 10.93% (SE=0.6931), among adults reporting any chronic pain condition during their lifetime. The prevalence of AUD among adults with comorbid chronic pain and depression is 3.82% (SE=1.132). Discussion: This analysis provides empirical support for the association between psychiatric illness and chronic pain. An association between AUD and comorbid chronic pain and depression signals a need for clinicians to conduct additional screening for AUD when evaluating treatment plans and diagnostic recommendations among adults receiving treatment for chronic pain and depression

Discrepancy Between Self-Report and School-Record Grade Point Average: Correlates With Psychosocial Outcomes Among African American Adolescents 1

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72176/1/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01421.x.pd

The California Planet Survey. I. Four New Giant Exoplanets

We present precise Doppler measurements of four stars obtained during the past decade at Keck Observatory by the California Planet Survey (CPS). These stars, namely, HD 34445, HD 126614, HD 13931, and Gl 179, all show evidence for a single planet in Keplerian motion. We also present Doppler measurements from the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) for two of the stars, HD 34445 and Gl 179, that confirm the Keck detections and significantly refine the orbital parameters. These planets add to the statistical properties of giant planets orbiting near or beyond the ice line, and merit follow-up by astrometry, imaging, and space-borne spectroscopy. Their orbital parameters span wide ranges of planetary minimum mass (M sin i = 0.38-1.9 M(Jup)), orbital period (P = 2.87-11.5 yr), semimajor axis (a = 2.1-5.2 AU), and eccentricity (e = 0.02-0.41). HD 34445 b (P = 2.87 yr, M sin i = 0.79 MJup, e = 0.27) is a massive planet orbiting an old, G-type star. We announce a planet, HD 126614 Ab, and an M dwarf, HD 126614 B, orbiting the metal-rich star HD 126614 (which we now refer to as HD 126614 A). The planet, HD 126614 Ab, has minimum mass M sin i = 0.38 MJup and orbits the stellar primary with period P = 3.41 yr and orbital separation a = 2.3 AU. The faint M dwarf companion, HD 126614 B, is separated from the stellar primary by 489 mas (33 AU) and was discovered with direct observations using adaptive optics and the PHARO camera at Palomar Observatory. The stellar primary in this new system, HD 126614 A, has the highest measured metallicity ([ Fe/ H] = + 0.56) of any known planet-bearing star. HD 13931 b (P = 11.5 yr, M sin i = 1.88 MJup, e = 0.02) is a Jupiter analog orbiting a near solar twin. Gl 179 b (P = 6.3 yr, M sin i = 0.82 M(Jup), e = 0.21) is a massive planet orbiting a faint M dwarf. The high metallicity of Gl 179 is consistent with the planet-metallicity correlation among M dwarfs, as documented recently by Johnson & Apps.NSF AST-0702821NASA NNX06AH52GMcDonald Observator

Polytobacco Use Among Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis

Significance. In recent years, the number of tobacco products on the market has increased, as well as the number of youth reporting the use of more than one tobacco product (i.e., polytobacco use). Studies conducted in the past have shown differences in polytobacco use between demographic groups, such as sex and age. However, no studies have examined polytobacco use comparing metropolitan and non-metropolitan adolescents. Methods. Data from the 2014 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed to assess patterns of tobacco product use by metropolitan and non-metropolitan youth. Participants who were in high school (grades 9-12) and aged 14-17 were included in the analysis (n=28,045). Rural urban continuum codes used to classify residence. Results. Overall, 12% of participants reported polytobacco use in the past 30 days (n=3,300). Polytobacco use was more commonly reported among youth living in non-metropolitan than metropolitan areas (14.1% versus 10.3%; Chi-square=35.31, plt;0.01). Latent class analysis was used to examine polytobacco use separately among metropolitan and non-metropolitan youth, controlling for sex, age and race/ethnicity. Past 30 day use of seven tobacco products were examined: (1) cigarettes, (2) chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip, (3) cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars, (4) bidis, kreteks, or tobacco in a pipe, (5) hookah, (6) snus, and (7) e-cigarettes. A five factor solution was identified as the best solution for both groups, but class structure and distribution across five classes differed by metropolitan status. For metropolitan youth, the main products that defined each class were (1) combustibles (35%), (2) smokeless tobacco (21.5%), (3) cigarette & e-cigarette (16.3%), (4) all products (13.8%), and (5) hookah and e-cigarettes (13.3%). In contrast, the main products defining the five classes for non-metropolitan youth were (1) cigars and hookah (31.6%), (2) hookah and e-cigarettes (28.3%), (3) cigarettes and e-cigarettes (16.7%), (4) all products (16.2%), and (5) cigarettes and cigars (7.2%). Conclusions. Polytobacco use is more prevalent among non-metropolitan youth than metropolitan youth, and product use patterns vary among these two groups. Understanding how tobacco products are used together will be critical for the development of interventions designed to reduce polytobacco use. The present findings suggest that interventions to address polytobacco use among youth may need to be tailored to the different polytobacco use patterns by metropolitan status

Differences in Cigarette Use and the Tobacco Environment Among Youth Living in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas

Purpose: To examine cigarette use and the tobacco-related environment among adolescents living in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Methods: Data from adolescents ages 14-17 that completed the 2012 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed (n = 40,746). This includes a representative sample of middle and high school students throughout the state. Results: Nonmetropolitan adolescents were more likely than metropolitan adolescents to report lifetime smoking, past 30-day smoking, daily smoking, initiating smoking at younger ages, having smoked a greater number of cigarettes in their lifetime and in the past 30 days, friend acceptance of adult smoking, a parent offering them a cigarette, living with a smoker, and that smoking was allowed in their home. Nonmetropolitan adolescents were also more likely to have seen tobacco ads the last time they visited convenience marts, gas stations, grocery stores, and big box stores, and flavored tobacco products or ads for them. These differences persisted after controlling for demographics. Conclusions: The present results suggest vast differences in smoking behavior among nonmetropolitan and metropolitan adolescents and that targeting social and environmental factors may be beneficial for reducing tobacco disparities among nonmetropolitan adolescents

Behavioural intentions in response to a potential menthol cigarette sales ban: a survey examining smokers in Washington, DC public housing

OBJECTIVES: Local, national and international policies are being proposed to ban the sale of menthol-flavoured tobacco products. With more bans being implemented, it is increasingly important to understand reactions to these bans among smokers of low socioeconomic status. This study examined public housing residents\u27 behavioural intentions if menthol-flavoured cigarettes were no longer sold. SETTING: 15 District of Columbia Housing Authority properties between March 2019 and March 2021. PARTICIPANTS: 221 District of Columbia Housing Authority residents ages 18-80 years who reported smoking menthol cigarettes (83.3% African-American/black). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Cigarette quitting and switching intentions due to a hypothetical menthol-flavoured cigarette sales ban. RESULTS: Nearly one-half (48.0%) of residents said they intended to quit cigarette use if menthol-flavoured products were no longer sold, while 27.2% were unsure if they would quit, and 24.9% reported they would not quit. Older residents (OR 0.94 per year, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.97), senior/disabled building versus family building residents (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.97), those who smoked within 30 min of waking (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.98) and daily smokers (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.84) had lower odds of reporting quit intentions associated with a menthol ban. Of those not intending to quit, 40.7% reported they would switch to non-menthol cigarettes, 20.4% to another non-menthol product, 13.0% to menthol e-cigarettes and 20.4% to another menthol product. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest banning the sale of menthol-flavoured products has the potential to impact cigarette smoking cessation. Nearly three-quarters of smokers in public housing indicated a possibility of quitting smoking because of a menthol cigarette ban. Bans that include all flavours in all tobacco products may be most effective for facilitating overall tobacco cessation

Reactions to Sales Restrictions on Flavored Vape Products or All Vape Products among Young Adults in the United States

Introduction: Despite increases in e-cigarette sales restrictions, support for sales restrictions and perceived impact on young adult use are unclear. Aims and Methods: We analyzed February-May 2020 data from a longitudinal study of 2159 young adults (ages 18-34; Mage = 24.75 ± 4.71; n = 550 past 30-day e-cigarette users) in six metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, San Diego, and Seattle). We examined support for e-cigarette sales restrictions and - among e-cigarette users - perceived impact of flavored vape product and all vape product sales restrictions on e-cigarette and cigarette use (and potential correlates; ie, e-cigarette/tobacco use, use-related symptoms/health concerns). Results: About 24.2% of e-cigarette users (and 57.6% of nonusers) supported (strongly/somewhat) sales restrictions on flavored vape products; 15.1% of e-cigarette users (45.1% of nonusers) supported complete vape product sales restrictions. If restricted to tobacco flavors, 39.1% of e-cigarette users reported being likely (very/somewhat) to continue using e-cigarettes (30.5% not at all likely); 33.2% were likely to switch to cigarettes (45.5% not at all). Considering complete vape product sales restrictions, equal numbers (~39%) were likely versus not at all likely to switch to cigarettes. Greater policy support correlated with being e-cigarette nonusers (adjusted R2 [aR2] =. 210); among users, correlates included fewer days of use and greater symptoms and health concerns (aR2 =. 393). If such restrictions were implemented, those less likely to report continuing to vape or switching to cigarettes used e-cigarettes on fewer days, were never smokers, and indicated greater health concern (aR2 =. 361). Conclusions: While lower-risk users may be more positively impacted by such policies, other young adult user subgroups may not experience benefit. Implications: Young adult e-cigarette users indicate low support for e-cigarette sales restrictions (both for flavored products and complete restrictions). Moreover, if vape product sales were restricted to tobacco flavors, 39.1% of users reported being likely to continue using e-cigarettes but 33.2% were likely to switch to cigarettes. If vape product sales were entirely restricted, e-cigarette users were equally likely to switch to cigarettes versus not (~40%). Those most likely to report positive impact of such policies being implemented were less frequent users, never smokers, and those with greater e-cigarette-related health concerns. This research should be considered in future tobacco control initiatives

Prevalence and characteristics of secondhand smoke and secondhand vapour exposure among youth

Background It is well established that secondhand smoke (SHS) is harmful, and concern about the potential dangers associated with secondhand vapour (SHV) (ie, vapour from electronic vapour products, EVP) is growing. The present study examines the prevalence and characteristics associated with SHS and SHV exposure. Methods Data from youth aged 11-17 who completed the 2016 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (n=58 616) were analysed. Demographics, past 30 day SHS and SHV exposure, environmental factors, cigarette and EVP use status, SHS and SHV harm perceptions, and tobacco susceptibility were assessed. Weighted multivariable logistic regressions were performed to examine characteristics associated with SHS and SHV exposure, and SHS and SHV exposure with tobacco susceptibility. Results Overall, 42% of Florida youth reported SHS exposure and 29% reported SHV exposure during the past 30 days. Living in a home where tobacco use was permitted (vs not permitted) was positively associated with SHS (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.57) and SHV exposure (AOR 1.56). Perceived SHS as harmful (vs not harmful) was positively associated with SHS (AOR 1.73) and SHV exposure (AOR 1.97), while perceived SHV as harmful was negatively associated with SHS (AOR 0.86) and SHV exposure (AOR 0.56). SHS and SHV exposure was significantly associated with susceptibility to cigarette and EVP use (AOR 1.40 and 2.08, respectively). Conclusions Almost one-third of Florida youth reported SHV exposure. Factors associated with SHS and SHV exposure are somewhat similar, and exposure to SHS and SHV is associated with tobacco susceptibility in youth. Promoting tobacco-free homes is needed to protect youth from SHS and SHV exposure