Noncognitive Skills, Occupational Attainment, and Relative Wages

This paper examines whether men's and women's noncognitive skills influence their occupational attainment and, if so, whether this contributes to the disparity in their relative wages. We find that noncognitive skills have a substantial effect on the probability of employment in many, though not all, occupations in ways that differ by gender. Consequently, men and women with similar noncognitive skills enter occupations at very different rates. Women, however, have lower wages on average not because they work in different occupations than men do, but rather because they earn less than their male colleagues employed in the same occupation. On balance, women's noncognitive skills give them a slight wage advantage. Finally, we find that accounting for the endogeneity of occupational attainment more than halves the proportion of the overall gender wage gap that is unexplained.noncognitive skills, personality, occupation, gender wage gap, decomposition

China, the United States, and the Climate Change Challenge

Outlines China's climate change policy, U.S. concerns about transfer of carbon-intensive jobs to China and ways to address them, ways for U.S. policy and legislation to spur China's adoption of clean technologies, and specific mechanisms for cooperation

Noncognitive Skills, Occupational Attainment, and Relative Wages

This paper examines whether men's and women's noncognitive skills influence their occupational attainment and, if so, whether this contributes to the disparity in their relative wages. We find that noncognitive skills have a substantial effect on the probability of employment in many, though not all, occupations in ways that differ by gender. Consequently, men and women with similar noncognitive skills enter occupations at very different rates. Women, however, have lower wages on average not because they work in different occupations than men do, but rather because they earn less than their male colleagues employed in the same occupation. On balance, women's noncognitive skills give them a slight wage advantage. Finally, we find that accounting for the endogeneity of occupational attainment more than halves the proportion of the overall gender wage gap that is unexplained.noncognitve skills, personality, occupation, gender wage gap, decomposition

Noncognitive skills, occupational attainment, and relative wages

This paper examines whether men's and women's noncognitive skills influence their occupational attainment and, if so, whether this contributes to the disparity in their relative wages. We find that noncognitive skills have a substantial effect on the probability of employment in many, though not all, occupations in ways that differ by gender. Consequently, men and women with similar noncognitive skills enter occupations at very different rates. Women, however, have lower wages on average not because they work in different occupations than men do, but rather because they earn less than their male colleagues employed in the same occupation. On balance, women's noncognitive skills give them a slight wage advantage. Finally, we find that accounting for the endogeneity of occupational attainment more than halves the proportion of the overall gender wage gap that is unexplained

Short-range magnetic correlations in Tb5Ge4

We present a single crystal neutron diffraction study of the magnetic short-range correlations in Tb$_5$Ge$_4$ which orders antiferromagnetically below the Neel temperature $T_N$ $\approx$ 92 K. Strong diffuse scattering arising from magnetic short-range correlations was observed in wide temperature ranges both below and above $T_N$. The antiferromagnetic ordering in Tb$_5$Ge$_4$ can be described as strongly coupled ferromagnetic block layers in the $ac$-plane that stack along the b-axis with weak antiferromagnetic inter-layer coupling. Diffuse scattering was observed along both $a^*$ and $b^*$ directions indicating three-dimensional short-range correlations. Moreover, the $q$-dependence of the diffuse scattering is Squared-Lorentzian in form suggesting a strongly clustered magnetic state that may be related to the proposed Griffiths-like phase in Gd$_5$Ge$_4$.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

An Evaluation Procedure for Human-Computer Interface Development Tools

Human-computer interface development tools--often called user interface management systems or UIMS--are interactive systems that support production and execution of the human-computer interface. Despite their proliferation, no method exists for their systematic evaluation or comparison. We have developed an evaluation procedure that uses a standardized technique to produce quantifiable criteria for evaluating and comparing human-computer interface development tools. The procedure produces ratings along two dimensions: functionality and usability. Specification/implementation techniques used by the tool are also quantitatively rated. An empirical study indicates that the procedure produces reliable results. The procedure is already being used in one commercial environment

Magnetic structure of Gd5Ge4

Gd5Ge4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, and orders antiferromagnetically below the Néel temperatureTN∼127 K. We have employed x-ray resonant magnetic scattering to elucidate the details of the magnetic structure. The magnetic unit cell is the same as the chemical unit cell. From azimuth scans and the Q dependence of the magnetic scattering, all three Gd sites in the structure were determined to be in the same magnetic space group Pnm′a. The magnetic moments are primarily aligned along the c axis and the c components of the magnetic moments at the three different sites are equal. The ferromagnetic Gd-rich slabs are stacked antiferromagnetically along the b direction

Spin-flop transition in Gd5Ge4 observed by x-ray resonant magnetic scattering and first-principles calculations of magnetic anisotropy

X-ray resonant magnetic scattering was employed to study a fully reversible spin-flop transition in orthorhombic Gd5Ge4 and to elucidate details of the magnetic structure in the spin-flop phase. The orientation of the moments at the three Gd sites flop 90° from the c axis to the a axis when a magnetic field, Hsf=9 kOe, is applied along the c axis at T=9 K. The magnetic space group changes from Pnm′a to Pn′m′a′ for all three Gd sublattices. The magnetic anisotropy energy determined from experimental measurements is in good agreement with the calculations of the magnetic anisotropy based on the spin-orbit coupling of the conduction electrons and an estimation of the dipolar interactions anisotropy. No significant magnetostriction effects were observed at the spin-flop transition

Unsupervised Extraction of Stable Expression Signatures from Public Compendia with an Ensemble of Neural Networks

Cross-experiment comparisons in public data compendia are challenged by unmatched conditions and technical noise. The ADAGE method, which performs unsupervised integration with denoising autoencoder neural networks, can identify biological patterns, but because ADAGE models, like many neural networks, are over-parameterized, different ADAGE models perform equally well. To enhance model robustness and better build signatures consistent with biological pathways, we developed an ensemble ADAGE (eADAGE) that integrated stable signatures across models. We applied eADAGE to a compendium of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene expression profiling experiments performed in 78 media. eADAGE revealed a phosphate starvation response controlled by PhoB in media with moderate phosphate and predicted that a second stimulus provided by the sensor kinase, KinB, is required for this PhoB activation. We validated this relationship using both targeted and unbiased genetic approaches. eADAGE, which captures stable biological patterns, enables cross-experiment comparisons that can highlight measured but undiscovered relationships.Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant R01-AI091702)Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (STANTO15R0