111 research outputs found
Very High Energy Gamma-ray spectral properties of Mrk 501 from CAT Cerenkov telescope observations in 1997
The BL Lac object Mrk 501 went into a very high state of activity during
1997, both in VHE gamma-rays and X-rays. We present here results from
observations at energies above 250 GeV carried out between March and October
1997 with the CAT Cerenkov imaging Telescope. The average differential spectrum
between 30 GeV and 13 TeV shows significant curvature and is well represented
by phi_0 * E_TeV^{-(alpha + beta*log10(E_TeV))}, with: phi_0 = 5.19 +/- 0.13
{stat} +/- 0.12 {sys-MC} +1.66/-1.04 {sys-atm} * 10^-11 /cm^2/s/TeV alpha =
2.24 +/- 0.04 {stat} +/- 0.05 {sys} beta = 0.50 +/- 0.07 {stat} (negligible
systematics). The TeV spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 clearly peaks in
the range 500 GeV-1 TeV. Investigation of spectral variations shows a
significant hardness-intensity correlation with no measurable effect on the
curvature. This can be described as an increase of the peak TeV emission energy
with intensity. Simultaneous and quasi-simultaneous CAT VHE gamma-ray and
BeppoSAX hard X-ray detections for the highest recorded flare on 16th April and
for lower-activity states of the same period show correlated variability with a
higher luminosity in X-rays than in gamma-rays. The observed spectral energy
distribution and the correlated variability between X-rays and gamma-rays, both
in amplitude and in hardening of spectra, favour a two-component emission
scheme where the low and high energy components are attributed to synchrotron
and inverse Compton (IC) radiation, respectively.Comment: Submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics, 8 pages including 6 figures.
Published with minor change
Observation of the Crab Nebula Gamma-Ray Emission Above 220 Gev by the Cat Cherenkov Imaging Telescope
The CAT imaging telescope, recently built on the site of the former solar
plant Themis (French Pyrenees), observed gamma-rays from the Crab nebula from
October 1996 to March 1997. This steady source, often considered as the
standard candle of very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy, is used as a test-beam
to probe the performances of the new telescope, particularly its energy
threshold (220 GeV at 20 degrees zenith angle) and the stability of its
response. Due to the fine-grain camera, an accurate analysis of the
longitudinal profiles of shower images is performed, yielding the source
position in two dimensions for each individual shower.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, Tex, contribution to 25th ICRC Durba
Detection of Vhe Gamma-Rays from MRK 501 with the Cat Imaging Telescope
The CAT imaging telescope on the site on the former solar plant Themis has
been observing gamma-rays from Mrk501 above 220 GeV in March and April 1997.
This source is shown to be highly variable and the light curve is presented.
The detected gamma-ray rate for the most intense flare is in excess of 10 per
minute.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, Tex, contribution to 25th ICRC Durba
The CAT Imaging Telescope for Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy
The CAT (Cherenkov Array at Themis) imaging telescope, equipped with a
very-high-definition camera (546 fast phototubes with 0.12 degrees spacing
surrounded by 54 larger tubes in two guard rings) started operation in Autumn
1996 on the site of the former solar plant Themis (France). Using the
atmospheric Cherenkov technique, it detects and identifies very high energy
gamma-rays in the range 250 GeV to a few tens of TeV. The instrument, which has
detected three sources (Crab nebula, Mrk 421 and Mrk 501), is described in
detail.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures. submitted to Elsevier Preprin
Detection of the BL Lac object 1ES1426+428 in the Very High Energy gamma-ray band by the CAT Telescope from 1998-2000
The BL Lac Object 1ES 1426+428, at a red-shift of z=0.129, has been monitored
by the CAT telescope from February 1998 to June 2000. The accumulation of 26
hours of observations shows a gamma-ray signal of 321 events above 250 GeV at
5.2 standard deviations, determined using data analysis cuts adapted to a weak,
steep-spectrum source. The source emission has an average flux of Phi_diff(400
GeV) = 6.73 +/- 1.27stat +/- 1.45syst x 10^-11 /cm^-2/s/TeV, and a very steep
spectrum, with a differential spectral index of gamma = -3.60 +/- 0.57 which
can be refined to gamma = -3.66 +/- 0.41 using a higher flux data subset. If,
as expected from its broad-band properties, the Very High Energy emission is
hard at the source, these observations support a strong absorption effect of
gamma-rays by the Intergalactic Infrared field.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in A&A Letter
The CAT Imaging Telescope
The VHE gamma-ray imaging telescope CAT started taking data in October 1996. Located at the Themis solar site in southern France, it features a 17.7 m^2 Davies-Cotton mirror equipped with 600 PMT camera at the focal plane. The mechanics and optics, the PMTs and the electronics are presented. The performance, based on the first 7 months of operation, is described
Measurement of the Crab Flux Above 60 GeV with the CELESTE Cherenkov Telescope
We have converted the former solar electrical plant THEMIS (French Pyrenees)
into an atmospheric Cherenkov detector called CELESTE, which records gamma rays
above 30 GeV (7E24 Hz). Here we present the first sub-100 GeV detection by a
ground based telescope of a gamma ray source, the Crab nebula, in the energy
region between satellite measurements and imaging atmospheric Cherenkov
telescopes. At our analysis threshold energy of 60 +/- 20 GeV we measure a
gamma ray rate of 6.1 +/- 0.8 per minute. Allowing for 30% systematic
uncertainties and a 30% error on the energy scale yields an integral gamma ray
flux of I(E>60 GeV) = 6.2^{+5.3}_{-2.3} E-6 photons m^-2 s^-1. The analysis
methods used to obtain the gamma ray signal from the raw data are detailed. In
addition, we determine the upper limit for pulsed emission to be <12% of the
Crab flux at the 99% confidence level, in the same energy range. Our result
indicates that if the power law observed by EGRET is attenuated by a cutoff of
form e^{-E/E_0} then E_0 < 26 GeV. This is the lowest energy probed by a
Cherenkov detector and leaves only a narrow range unexplored beyond the energy
range studied by EGRET.Comment: 34 pages, accepted by the Astrophysical Journa
Evolutionary Trends of the Pharyngeal Dentition in Cypriniformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi)
International audienceBACKGROUND: The fish order Cypriniformes is one of the most diverse ray-finned fish groups in the world with more than 3000 recognized species. Cypriniformes are characterized by a striking distribution of their dentition: namely the absence of oral teeth and presence of pharyngeal teeth on the last gill arch (fifth ceratobranchial). Despite this limited localisation, the diversity of tooth patterns in Cypriniformes is astonishing. Here we provide a further description of this diversity using X-ray microtomography and we map the resulting dental characters on a phylogenetic tree to explore evolutionary trends. RESULTS: We performed a pilot survey of dental formulae and individual tooth shapes in 34 adult species of Cypriniformes by X-ray microtomography (using either conventional X-ray machine, or synchrotron microtomography when necessary) or by dissecting. By mapping morphological results in a phylogenetic tree, it emerges that the two super-families Cobitoidea and Cyprinoidea have followed two distinct evolutionary pathways. Furthermore, our analysis supports the hypothesis of a three-row dentition as ancestral for Cyprinoidea and a general trend in tooth row reduction in most derived lineages. Yet, this general scheme must be considered with caution as several events of tooth row gain and loss have occurred during evolutionary history of Cyprinoidea. SIGNIFICANCE: Dentition diversity in Cypriniformes constitutes an excellent model to study the evolution of complex morphological structures. This morphological survey clearly advocates for extending the use of X-ray microtomography to study tooth morphology in Cypriniformes. Yet, our survey also underlines that improved knowledge of Cypriniformes life traits, such as feeding habits, is required as current knowledge is not sufficient to conclude on the link between diet and dental morphology
Activation of FGF Signaling Mediates Proliferative and Osteogenic Differences between Neural Crest Derived Frontal and Mesoderm Parietal Derived Bone
BACKGROUND: As a culmination of efforts over the last years, our knowledge of the embryonic origins of the mammalian frontal and parietal cranial bones is unambiguous. Progenitor cells that subsequently give rise to frontal bone are of neural crest origin, while parietal bone progenitors arise from paraxial mesoderm. Given the unique qualities of neural crest cells and the clear delineation of the embryonic origins of the calvarial bones, we sought to determine whether mouse neural crest derived frontal bone differs in biology from mesoderm derived parietal bone. METHODS: BrdU incorporation, immunoblotting and osteogenic differentiation assays were performed to investigate the proliferative rate and osteogenic potential of embryonic and postnatal osteoblasts derived from mouse frontal and parietal bones. Co-culture experiments and treatment with conditioned medium harvested from both types of osteoblasts were performed to investigate potential interactions between the two different tissue origin osteoblasts. Immunoblotting techniques were used to investigate the endogenous level of FGF-2 and the activation of three major FGF signaling pathways. Knockdown of FGF Receptor 1 (FgfR1) was employed to inactivate the FGF signaling. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that striking differences in cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation between the frontal and parietal bone can be detected already at embryonic stages. The greater proliferation rate, as well as osteogenic capacity of frontal bone derived osteoblasts, were paralleled by an elevated level of FGF-2 protein synthesis. Moreover, an enhanced activation of FGF-signaling pathways was observed in frontal bone derived osteoblasts. Finally, the greater osteogenic potential of frontal derived osteoblasts was dramatically impaired by knocking down FgfR1. CONCLUSIONS: Osteoblasts from mouse neural crest derived frontal bone displayed a greater proliferative and osteogenic potential and endogenous enhanced activation of FGF signaling compared to osteoblasts from mesoderm derived parietal bone. FGF signaling plays a key role in determining biological differences between the two types of osteoblasts
Temporal and spectral gamma-ray properties of Mkn421 above 250 GeV from CAT observations between 1996 and 2000
The gamma-ray emission above 250 GeV from the BL Lac object Markarian 421 was
observed by the CAT Cherenkov imaging telescope between December, 1996, and
June, 2000. In 1998, the source produced a series of small flares, making it
the second extragalactic source detected by CAT. The time-averaged differential
spectrum has been measured from 0.3 to 5 TeV, which is well fitted with a power
law with an index of -2.88+-0.12(stat)+-0.06(syst). In 2000, the source showed
an unprecedented activity, with variability time-scales as short as one hour,
as for instance observed during the night between 4 and 5 February. The 2000
time-averaged spectrum measured is compatible with that of 1998, but some
indication of a spectral curvature is found between 0.3 and 5 TeV. The
possibility of TeV spectral hardening during flares is also discussed, and the
results are compared to those obtained on the other TeV BL Lac, Markarian 501.Comment: Latex2e, 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
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