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Not AvailablePlant analysis has been considered a very promising tool to assess nutritional requirements of plants for cost effective and environment friendly agriculture. The DRIS is based on the comparison of crop nutrient ratios with optimum values from high yielding group (DRIS norms) . The DRIS provides a means of simultaneous identifying imbalances , deficiencies and excesses in crop nutrients and ranking them in order of importance. The major advantage of this approach lies in its ability to minimize the effect of tissue age on diagnosis , thus enabling one to sample over a wider range of tissue age than permissible under the conventional critical value approach . This paper reviews the research on various critical aspects of the use of plant analysis and hence suitability of DRIS as a diagnostic tool for nutrition management of several agricultural and horticulture crps.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableHighly productive rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems are crucial for millions of rural and urban poor in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of south Asia. Our objectives were to identify important biological, chemical and physical indicators of soil quality and incorporate them into a unified soil quality index (SQI) that could be used to help select best management practices for important cropping systems. Two tillage, three water management and nine nutrient management treatments were evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify critical indicators and their relative weighting for a soil quality index (SQI) that was developed using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). Two primary goals – productivity (PCASQI-P) and environmental protection (PCSQI-EP) were established. For the productivity goal, seven indicators were evaluated for their contribution to nutrient cycling, two for physical stability and support, and three for water relations. The environmental quality goal used the same functions and indicators plus three additional indicators affecting filtering and buffering, and one reflecting biodiversity and habitat. The hypothesis of the study was that the set of sensitive indicators would vary under contrasting tillage, nutrient and water management which could be encompassed to develop unified soil quality indices for assessing management induced changes in rice–wheat cropping system. The results confirmed that management goal strongly influenced indicator selection and that variations in those indicators can provide early warning against deterioration of soil quality. Puddling and irrigating rice after three days of drainage and using no tillage and two irrigations for wheat emerged as promising management for improved soil quality. Applying 25% of the recommended fertilizer N dose using farm-yard manure (FYM) for rice and domestic sewage sludge for wheat also improved soil quality. We conclude that the procedure used for indexing soil quality in this study could not only be extended to neighboring areas of Indo-Gangetic Plain but also validated and expanded for use in south and south–east Asian countries with similar soils and cropping systems.Not Availabl

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Variation in phosphorus accumulation in groundnut cultivars as influenced by water salinitySoil salinity remains an obvious abiotic stress that changes the behavior of nutrient accumulation in crop plants. Phosphorus being a key element in determining crop growth and economic yield, its uptake in plant parts varies under saline condition. Hence an experiment was conducted to assess the changing phosphorus content in eight groundnut cultivars,were grown in a field trial having in-built soil salinity developed with 0.5, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1 of saline irrigations (ECiw). Root-P was observed to have an increasing trend of accumulation upto 6.0 ECiw while leaf-P increased upto 4.0 ECiw with a concomitant rise in soil P. The cultivars TG 37A and GG 7 accumulated more leaf-P and root-P. However, across the cultivars the P-uptake was reduced when the applied ECiw was 6.0 dS m-1. Further, these plant-P parameters correlated with the yield and yield attributes of groundnut crop.Not Availabl

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Effects of potassium application on growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and ionic alteration under saline irrigationA field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons, of 2011 and 2012 at Junagadh, Gujarat, to evaluate the ameliorative effect of potassium in salinity tolerance of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Treatments included 2 differentially salt-responsive cultivars (‘GG 2’ and ‘TG 37A’) and 3 levels of salinity (control, 2.0 dS/m, 4.0 dS/m) along with 2 levels of potassium fertilizer (0 and 30 kg K2O/ha). Supplementary application of potassium resulted in improved salinity tolerance in terms of growth (plant height, branches, root length and weight); yield attributes (100-pod and kernel weight and shelling %); yields (pod, kernel and haulm yield) and Na+K+ ionic ratio in (shoot, root, leaf and kernel). Cultivar ‘GG 2’ showed better salt tolerance by excluding sodium from uptake although cultivar ‘TG 37A’ allowed more sodium to accumulate in all the peanut parts (root, shoot, leaf and kernel), hence showed more susceptibility to salinity stress. Further about 3–4 times higher sodium was accumulated in root over shoot, leaf and kernel. External application of potassium resulted in nullifying the harmful effect of salinity stress with slightly better response in the susceptible cultivar ‘TG 37A’ as compared to cultivar ‘GG 2Not Availabl

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Drip fertigation and irrigation interval effects on growth, productivity, nutrient, and water economy in summer peanutThe present investigation was carried out to study the effect of irrigationintervals and fertigation on growth, yield, and quality of peanut as well asan account of fertilizer and water savings under drip irrigation combinedwith fertigation. Pod and haulm yields and economics of peanut withapplication of irrigation water at I1,i.e. 4 day interval through drip (10 dayin surface irrigation) did not differ significantly compared with I2,i.e. 6 dayinterval through drip (15 day in surface irrigation). However, significantlyhigher kernel and oil yields were obtained at I1and also recorded higherpartial factor productivity (PFP). Our study showed that drip irrigation saved37.2% irrigation water over surface method. Fertigation at 75% Nitrogen &potassium (NK) through drip with 75% P in soil (F3) significantly improvedpod, haulm, kernel, and oil yields by 14.3%, 11.5%, 13.9%, and 12.3%,respectively, while net returns increased by INR 13,499 ha−1over 50% NKthrough drip with 50% P in soil (F2) and at par with others. Fertigation at50–100% NK with 50‒100% P in soil (F2to F4) could save 36.4–37.3%irrigation water over F1. Maximum PFP was recorded under F2Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe modernization of agriculture along with the “Green Revolution” transforms the agriculture practices in a new dimension where the traditional knowledge and techniques were replaced by the new technology to increase the productivity to feed the growing population. This Green Revolution changed the country status from importer to self-sufficient. Traditional source of nutrients was replaced by the synthetic and chemical fertilizers. Undoubtedly the inorganic fertilizers are keys behind the increasing productivity to a greater scale. However, inappropriate use of these chemical/synthetic fertilizers, unscientific management, overutilization, etc. lead to soil and environmental pollution as well as deterioration of the soil quality. Moreover, continuous use of these fertilizers leads to toxicity as well as deficiency of some major and minor nutrients. In the scenario of global climate change, the unscientific use of these chemical inputs are major threats to environment. To reduce or minimize these ill effects, it is high time to shift the agriculture system from inorganic to organic mode to sustain the soil and environments for a longer period. Side by side, the use of chemical fertilizers should be minimized or avoided depending upon the cropping condition and demand of the system. Organic farming system and combined system (organic and inorganic or INM) both can promote agriculture toward the reducing use of chemical fertilizers, and that system must be popularized. Organic as well as INM have several advantages over the convention (chemical-based) system in terms of soil quality, environmental pollution, crop productivity, as well as the quality of produce. This chapter aims to focus on the use of organic fertilizers (alone or in combination) for better soil and environmental management. However, the organic system also has the several limitations that must be addressed, and proper management must be evaluated to promote the organic production system. The popularization of the technology and techniques is governed by different factors, so the organic farming practices will be adopted by the farmers only when the technology will reach to the farmers with the clear message. Organic farming or organic nutrient management not only reduces the input cost but also provides an opportunity to recycle the waste unused materials, crop and plant residues to reduce the soil, water, and environment pollution. The use of organic fertilizers will improve the soil carbon status and soil quality which help in improving, carbon sequestration. With the several advantages associated with organic nutrient management, still proper demonstration, awareness, and training are required to popularize among the farmers and to get the best benefit out of it.Not Availabl

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External potassium (K+) application improves salinity tolerance by promoting Na+-exclusion, K+-accumulation and osmotic adjustment in contrasting peanut cultivars.Achieving salt-tolerance is highly desirable in today's agricultural context. Apart from developing salt-tolerant cultivars, possibility lies with management options, which can improve crop yield and have significant impact on crop physiology as well. Thus present study was aimed to evaluate the ameliorative role of potassium (K+) in salinity tolerance of peanut. A field experiment was conducted using two differentially salt-responsive cultivars and three levels of salinity treatment (control, 2.0 dS m-1, 4.0 dS m-1) along with two levels (with and without) of potassium fertilizer (0 and 30 kg K2O ha-1). Salinity treatment incurred significant changes in overall physiology in two peanut cultivars, though the responses varied between the tolerant and the susceptible one. External K+ application resulted in improved salinity tolerance in terms of plant water status, biomass produced under stress, osmotic adjustment and better ionic balance. Tolerant cv. GG 2 showed better salt tolerance by excluding Na+ from uptake and lesser accumulation in leaf tissue and relied more on organic osmolyte for osmotic adjustment. On the contrary, susceptible cv. TG 37A allowed more Na+ to accumulate in the leaf tissue and relied more on inorganic solute for osmotic adjustment under saline condition, hence showed more susceptibility to salinity stress. Application of K+ resulted in nullifying the negative effect of salinity stress with slightly better response in the susceptible cultivar (TG 37A). The present study identified Na+-exclusion as a key strategy for salt-tolerance in tolerant cv. GG 2 and also showed the ameliorating role of K+ in salt-tolerance with varying degree of response amongst tolerant and susceptible cultivars.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSoil salinity remains an obvious abiotic stress that changes the behavior of nutrient accumulation in crop plants. Phosphorus being a key element in determining crop growth and economic yield, its uptake in plant parts varies under saline condition. Hence an experiment was conducted to assess the changing phosphorus content in eight groundnut cultivars,were grown in a field trial having in-built soil salinity developed with 0.5, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1 of saline irrigations (ECiw). Root-P was observed to have an increasing trend of accumulation upto 6.0 ECiw while leaf-P increased upto 4.0 ECiw with a concomitant rise in soil P. The cultivars TG 37A and GG 7 accumulated more leaf-P and root-P. However, across the cultivars the P-uptake was reduced when the applied ECiw was 6.0 dS m-1. Further, these plant-P parameters correlated with the yield and yield attributes of groundnut crop.eICA