Assessment of AVIRIS data from vegetated sites in the Owens Valley, California

Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data were acquired from the Bishop, CA area, located at the northern end of the Owens Valley, on July 30, 1987. Radiometrically-corrected AVIRIS data were flat-field corrected, and spectral curves produced and analyzed for pixels taken from both native and cultivated vegetation sites, using the JPS SPAM software program and PC-based spreadsheet programs. Analyses focussed on the chlorophyll well and red edge portions of the spectral curves. Results include the following: AVIRIS spectral data are acquired at sufficient spectral resolution to allow detection of blue shifts of both the chlorophyll well and red edge in moisture-stressed vegetation when compared with non-stressed vegetation; a normalization of selected parameters (chlorophyll well and near infrared shoulder) may be used to emphasize the shift in red edge position; and the presence of the red edge in AVIRIS spectral curves may be useful in detecting small amounts (20 to 30 pct cover) of semi-arid and arid vegetation ground cover. A discussion of possible causes of AVIRIS red edge shifts in respsonse to stress is presented

Induction of Plasminogen Activator in Cultured Cells by Macrocyclic Plant Diterpene Esters and Other Agents Related to Tumor Promotion

In vitro systems that are responsive to tumor-promoting agents may facilitate the identification of such agents and the analysis of their mode of action. We have previously reported that the potent tumor promoter phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate induces the synthesis of the enzyme plasminogen activator in cultured chick embryo fibroblasts. We have, therefore, tested various compounds for their ability to induce plasminogen activator in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Among these, phorbol esters and other macrocyclic diterpene esters isolated from species of the families Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae were potent inducers of plasminogen activator. These compounds maximally induced enzyme to the same levels, although they differed in their relative molar potencies. Structural requirements for in vitro activity paralleled the requirements for activity in vivo. These results indicate that induction of plasminogen activator is a useful marker for the biologically active macrocyclic diterpene esters. On the other hand, tumor-promoting agents such as anthralin, cantharidin, Tween 60, and tobacco leaf extract failed to induce plasminogen activator

Pectin activation of MAP kinase and gene expression is WAK2 dependent

The angiosperm extracellular matrix, or cell wall, is composed of a complex array of cellulose, hemicelluose, pectins and proteins, the modification and regulated synthesis of which are essential for cell growth and division. The wall associated kinases (WAKs) are receptor-like proteins that have an extracellular domain that bind pectins, the more flexible portion of the extracellular matrix, and are required for cell expansion as they have a role in regulating cellular solute concentrations. We show here that both recombinant WAK1 and WAK2 bind pectin in vitro. In protoplasts pectins activate, in a WAK2-dependent fashion, the transcription of vacuolar invertase, and a wak2 mutant alters the normal pectin regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Microarray analysis shows that WAK2 is required for the pectin activation of numerous genes in protoplasts, many of which are involved in cell wall biogenesis. Thus, WAK2 plays a major role in signaling a diverse array of cellular events in response to pectin in the extracellular matrix. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Sandy beaches at the brink

Sandy beaches line most of the world’s oceans and are highly valued by society: more people use sandy beaches than any other type of shore. While the economic and social values of beaches are generally regarded as paramount, sandy shores also have special ecological features and contain a distinctive biodiversity that is generally not recognized. These unique ecosystems are facing escalating anthropogenic pressures, chiefly from rapacious coastal development, direct human uses — mainly associated with recreation — and rising sea levels. Beaches are increasingly becoming trapped in a ‘coastal squeeze’ between burgeoning human populations from the land and the effects of global climate change from the sea. Society’s interventions (e.g. shoreline armouring, beach nourishment) to combat changes in beach environments, such as erosion and shoreline retreat, can result in severe ecological impacts and loss of biodiversity at local scales, but are predicted also to have cumulative large-scale consequences worldwide. Because of the scale of this problem, the continued existence of beaches as functional ecosystems is likely to depend on direct conservation efforts. Conservation, in turn, will have to increasingly draw on a consolidated body of ecological theory for these ecosystems. Although this body of theory has yet to be fully developed, we identify here a number of critical research directions that are required to progress coastal management and conservation of sandy beach ecosystems

Utilização de índices de vegetação NDVI e EVI do sensor MODIS para caracterização espectro-temporal de coberturas vegetais do Pantanal.

O bioma do Pantanal apresenta grande importância, tanto por sua fauna e flora, quanto por sua economia. No entanto, as atividades humanas, principalmente a agropecuária, têm modificado sua paisagem. Nessa perspectiva, o mapeamento sistemático do Pantanal se torna uma necessidade para o monitoramento do bioma e para a tomada de decisões, em especial por parte dos gestores públicos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a caracterização espectro-temporal das áreas pertencentes ao Pantanal através das curvas dos índices de vegetação NDVI e EVI. A metodologia utilizada considerou os dados do PROBIO para a localização das classes temáticas estudadas e os dados históricos de índices de vegetação disponíveis no sistema SATVeg entre os anos 2000 e 2016. A partir do banco de dados, calcularam-se os perfis médios para cada classe e para cada índice. Os resultados comprovam a utilização da metodologia como ferramenta de auxílio na caracterização espectral das áreas do bioma, permitindo a discriminação de algumas das classes temáticas a partir das informações históricas dos índices de vegetação.GeoPantanal 2016

Oyster Reefs at Risk and Recommendations for Conservation, Restoration, and Management

Native oyster reefs once dominated many estuaries, ecologically and economically. Centuries of resource extraction exacerbated by coastal degradation have pushed oyster reefs to the brink of functional extinction worldwide. We examined the condition of oyster reefs across 144 bays and 44 ecoregions; our comparisons of past with present abundances indicate that more than 90% of them have been lost in bays (70%) and ecoregions (63%). In many bays, more than 99% of oyster reefs have been lost and are functionally extinct. Overall, we estimate that 85% of oyster reefs have been lost globally. Most of the world\u27s remaining wild capture of native oysters (\u3e 75%) comes from just five ecoregions in North America, yet the condition of reefs in these ecoregions is poor at best, except in the Gulf of Mexico. We identify many cost-effective solutions for conservation, restoration, and the management of fisheries and nonnative species that could reverse these oyster losses and restore reef ecosystem services