The influence of Christianity on the Bunun language: A prelilminary overview

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Effect of the enrichment medium on the detection and diversity of Salmonella from porcine duodenal content

This study assesses the effect of the enrichment medium used on the isolation of Salmonella from the duodenal content of naturally infected slaughter pigs. At six slaughterhouses, the duodenum was collected from 458 randomly chosen pigs and examined in the laboratory. Three semi-solid enrichment media (modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium [MSRV], diagnostic semi-solid Salmonella medium [DIASALM], and Simple Method Salmonella [SMS] agar) and three enrichment broths (Rappaport-Vassiliadis, Rappaport Vassiliadis broth with Soya [RVS], and Muller Kauffmann Tetrathionate novobiocin broth [MKTTn]) were evaluated. If a migration zone was present on the semi-solid media, a loopful was taken both near the inoculation drop and at the edge of the migration zone and streaked on a Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate (XLD) agar plate. Each enrichment broth was streaked on XLD, and three presumptive colonies were further examined. Detection rate was calculated, and isolates were, after serotyping, genotyped by performing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The overall frequency of Salmonella isolated in at least one of the six different media was 15.5% (71/458). No significant differences in relative sensitivity were obtained within semi-solid media and within liquid media. Semi-solid media showed a significant higher relative sensitivity than the one obtained with liquid media. A relative sensitivity higher than 83.1%, namely of 94.4%, could only be obtained by combining three different enrichment media (MSRV or DIASALM+RVS+MKTTn). In 13.4% of the positive pigs, more than one serotype was found within the duodenum of one pig. In 12.9% of the duodenal contents, different genotypes were found within the same serotype. Differences in serotypes and genotypes were found predominantly within the same enrichment medium. In conclusion, to obtain the highest Salmonella detection rate in naturally contaminated pig samples, MSRV should be used as enrichment medium. However, to obtain a realistic picture of the sero-and genotypes present, different samples per enrichment medium and different enrichment media should be tested

Mycoplasma suis infection in suckling pigs on a Belgian farm

Mycoplasma suis (formerly known as Eperythrozoon suis) is an epicellular bacterium that affects porcine red blood cells. M. suis infections occur worldwide and are associated with weakness and anemia in suckling and weaned pigs, and reproductive disorders in sows. The present field report describes the detection of M. suis in anemic piglets originating from a Belgian farrow-to-finish herd. The herd was experiencing increased piglet mortality (16%) in the farrowing unit and had a high percentage of repeat breeders (22%). A control program using antimicrobials and hygienic and sanitary measures significantly decreased the number of clinically anemic piglets and the mortality rate in the farrowing unit. However, it did not have any significant influence on the reproductive failure of the farm. The lack of a significant effect on reproductive failure was probably due to the circulation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on the farm

EU-US Digital Data Exchange to Combat Financial Crime: Fast is the New Slow

Criminal offenses with the most different modi operandi and levels of complexity can generate digital evidence, whether or not the actual crime is committed by using information and communication technology (ICT). The digital data that could be used as evidence in a later criminal prosecution is mostly in the hands of private companies who provide services on the Internet. These companies often store their customers’ data on cloud servers that are not necessarily located in the same jurisdiction as the company. Law enforcement and prosecution authorities then need to take two steps that are not exclusive for evidence of a digital nature. First, they need to discover where the data is located—with which company and in which jurisdiction. Second, they need to obtain the data. In considering digital evidence, the last step, however, is complicated by new issues that form the focus of this paper. The first concern is the practice by companies to dynamically distribute data over globally spread data centers in the blink of an eye. This is a practical concern as well as a legal concern. The second issue is the slowness of the currently applicable international legal framework that has not yet been updated to a fast-paced society where increasingly more evidence is of a digital nature. The slowness of traditional mutual legal assistance may be no news. The lack of a suitable legal framework for competent authorities that need to obtain digital evidence in a cross-border manner, nonetheless, creates a landscape of diverse initiatives by individual states that try to remedy this situation. A third issue is the position that companies are put in by the new EU proposal to build a legal framework governing production orders for digital evidence. With companies in the driver’s seat of a cross-border evidence gathering operation, guarantees of the traditional mutual legal assistance framework seem to be dropped. A fourth issue is the position of data protection safeguards. US based companies make for significant data suppliers for criminal investigations conducted by EU based authorities. Conflicting legal regimes affect the efficiency of data transfers as well as the protection of personal data to citizens. Cybersecurity en cybergovernanc