Thickness and dielectric constant determination of thin dielectric layers

We derive a method for the determination of the dielectric constant and thickness of a thin dielectric layer, deposited on top of a thick dielectric layer which is in turn present on a metal film. Reflection of p- and s-polarized light from the metal layer yields minima for certain angles of incidence where the light is absorbed by the metal. The thin dielectric layer causes shifts in the angles at which the minima occur, from which the thickness and dielectric constant can be obtained. The model is tested for 3.5 and 14 nm thick photoresist gratings

Building theories from case study research: the progressive case study

Meredith (1998) argues for more case and field research studies in the field of operations\ud management. Based on a literature review, we discuss several existing approaches to case\ud studies and their characteristics. These approaches include; the Grounded Theory approach\ud which proposes no prior literature review in the substantive area under study (Glaser, 1992:\ud 31) versus Eisenhardt (1989) and Yin (1994) who propose a more directed study with a priori\ud constructs. We then propose an alternative approach which we call the progressive case\ud study. This approach combines strengths of both approaches such as the informative aspect of\ud Grounded Theory and a more plan able approach such as Yin and Eisenhardt propose. We\ud also describe that case studies are not simply a set of interviews and provide examples on the\ud amount of data that might be collected in a detailed case study. Furthermore, we provide\ud direction for analyzing qualitative data in cases

The geographic component of production technology

In today’s global economy manufacturing companies are continuously re-evaluating their\ud location. In many instances companies decide to relocate some or all of their\ud manufacturing activities to so called low labor cost countries. However, the perception that\ud this is cost effective is not always correct. In many instances the costs of producing in low\ud labor cost countries are highly under estimated. In some instances the costs of the\ud production alone, i.e. excluding logistics cost, are already higher than producing in so\ud called high labor cost countries. Previous research suggests that some of the reasons for\ud these higher costs are related to the particular geographic environment. This study is\ud focused on increasing our understanding of the relationship between geographically\ud determined factors and production technology. Understanding the relationship between\ud geographical factors and production factors allows insight into production location and\ud companies may learn to avoid wrongly moving production away from the developed, high\ud labor cost, countries. For governments; knowledge on geographically determined factors\ud places governments in a better position to selectively nurture specific industries based on\ud their geography-production technology relationshi

International technology transfer: building theory from a multiple case-study in the aircraft industry

International technology transfer occurs frequently in international operations, for example in\ud cases of foreign direct investment where companies set-up existing manufacturing lines in new\ud locations. It also occurs in situations of international outsourcing where a new supplier receives\ud product and/or production process information. This technology transfer process often leads to\ud difficulties, for example delays and much higher costs than anticipated. To gain insight into the\ud causes of these difficulties we used a grounded theory approach to describe the process of\ud international production technology transfer. We conducted four case studies in the aircraft\ud industry and analyzed the problems that occurred. We found that technology transfer consists of\ud three phases: preparation, installation and utilization. These three phases are influenced by three\ud types of factors: technological, organizational and environmental. The combination of activities\ud with factors enables an integrated view on international technology transfer. We found that the\ud amount of technology, the accuracy of information, and the extent of organizational and\ud environmental differences have a large impact on the efficiency of the technology transfer\ud process

Determination of thickness and dielectric constant of thin transparent dielectric layers using surface plasmon resonance

The determination of the thickness and dielectric constant of thin dielectric layers by means of surface plasmon resonance is discussed. It appears to be impossible to determine these parameters from one surface plasmon response experiment. This is illustrated theoretically. Variation of the refractive index of the solution in which surface plasmon experiments were performed allowed us to determine these parameters separately

Technology geography: studying the relationships between technology, location and productivity

Operations management, international management, public policy and economic geography are scientific areas which come together in the study of international technology transfer. This study shows how each of these areas has its own central issues but also has specific parts that are relevant for research on international technology transfer. It is essential for companies to understand the issues of productivity of production technologies employed by them, and for international companies the relationship of productivity of a specific production line and the environment in which this line operates. Simultaneously, it is essential for governments to understand the productivity of their work force and, therefore, to understand the relationship of their country¿s characteristics and the productivity of specific industries. A recommendation is made to add a new focus to the research on international technology transfer called: Technology Geography. Its primary purpose is to investigate the linkages\ud between technology, location and productivity differences

Technology geography: a new area of scientific inquiry

Operations management, international management, public policy and\ud economic geography are four scientific areas, which come together in the study of\ud international technology transfer. This paper shows how each of these four areas has its\ud own central issues but also have specific parts that are relevant for research on\ud international technology transfer. It is essential for companies to thoroughly understand\ud the issues of productivity of production technologies employed by them, and for\ud international companies the relationship of productivity of a specific production line and\ud the environment in which this production line operates. Simultaneously, it is essential for\ud governments to understand the productivity of its work force and therefore to understand\ud the relationship of its country characteristics and the productivity of specific industries (or\ud production technologies). A recommendation is made to add a new focus to the research\ud on international technology transfer called: Technology Geography. Its primary purpose is\ud to investigate the linkages between technology and its location, and its consequences for\ud technology transfer and international production operations

Location analysis of Euroma conference contributions

Operations Management journal rankings are frequently published. Information on Operations\ud Management conferences is much harder to find. This may be due to the difficulties of ranking\ud conferences as well as due to the different motives that contributors to conferences have. In this paper we\ud perform exploratory analysis to determine for one specific conference (EurOMA) who has typically\ud contributed to these conferences. Our analysis focus is on the location of contributors, i.e. country and\ud affiliation. We found that the United Kingdom, Italy and Brazil contribute most authors and papers to the\ud EurOMA conferences. Countries such as Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden are also important\ud contributors. Highest contributing universities include the University of Sao Paulo, Cranfield University,\ud the University of Cambridge and Politecnico di Milano. People who plan to attend the EurOMA\ud conferences can, based on this, expect authors and papers from these countries and universities

High technology in developing countries: Analysis of technology strategy, technology transfer, and success factors in the aircraft industry

Economical development is highly related to technological development. It is\ud therefore not surprising that many of the industrially developing nations follow explicit strategies to increase their technological competence level. Industrially developing countries may even pursue a strategy of developing high technology competencies. This paper analysis the strategies of some developing countries in a particular high technology industry: the aircraft manufacturing industry. The focus is on Brazil, China, Indonesia and Romania. The approach that each of these countries has followed towards developing an indigenous aircraft manufacturing industry is described. Next, the current status of these national industries is analysed. It is concluded that industrially developing countries are stuck in a very difficult situation. It is extremely challenging for industrially developing countries to develop a competitive position in this high technology and global industry. The analysis shows that it is questionable whether technology transfer is effective. As a consequence it may not be a good strategy for industrially developing countries to follow a leapfrogging technology strategy. Instead a more incremental approach towards technological development may be more appropriate