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MultiBUGS: A Parallel Implementation of the BUGS Modelling Framework for Faster Bayesian Inference
MultiBUGS is a new version of the general-purpose Bayesian modelling software BUGS that implements a generic algorithm for parallelising Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms to speed up posterior inference of Bayesian models. The algorithm parallelises evaluation of the product-form likelihoods formed when a parameter has many children in the directed acyclic graph (DAG) representation; and parallelises sampling of conditionally-independent sets of parameters. A heuristic algorithm is used to decide which approach to use for each parameter and to apportion computation across computational cores. This enables MultiBUGS to automatically parallelise the broad range of statistical models that can be fitted using BUGS-language software, making the dramatic speed-ups of modern multi-core computing accessible to applied statisticians, without requiring any experience of parallel programming. We demonstrate the use of MultiBUGS on simulated data designed to mimic a hierarchical e-health linked-data study of methadone prescriptions including 425,112 observations and 20,426 random effects. Posterior inference for the e-health model takes several hours in existing software, but MultiBUGS can perform inference in only 28 minutes using 48 computational cores
Écritures de la déportation
Au-delà du succès tardif de Primo Levi, le témoignage littéraire en Italie de l’expérience de la Shoah ou de la déportation a été apporté par un nombre significatif d’hommes et de femmes. Ces témoignages apparurent dès 1945 et, parmi ceux-ci, certains sont dus à des femmes étrangères qui choisirent la langue italienne pour narrer l’expérience des Lager et qui insistèrent sur les aspects de la déformation du corps, de la nourriture, du rapport à la mère et du refus de la maternité. Ne manquent pas non plus les récits d’enfants cachés afin d’échapper à la capture et à la mort ; ou des expériences uniques comme celle de Luce d’Eramo, qui voulut expérimenter volontairement la vie des Lager ou, comme Helga Schneider, qui découvrit être la fille d’une criminelle nazie. Mais outre les déportés juifs, les déportés politiques firent eux aussi entendre leurs voix, au moyen de différents genres littéraires, allant de l’autobiographie à la fiction ; les reportages sur le ghetto de Varsovie ou les romans sur la rafle du ghetto de Rome ont eux aussi contribué à insérer la Shoah dans la mémoire culturelle italienne. Il nous semble important de revenir sur ces thèmes aujourd’hui, au moment où la vérité historique est mise en doute par le racisme et par les artifices rhétoriques de la « post-vérité ». Al di là del successo tardivo di Primo Levi, la testimonianza letteraria in Italia sull’esperienza della Shoah o della deportazione è stata condotta da un numero significativo di uomini e donne. Le testimonianze iniziarono fin dal 1945 e alcune di queste sono dovute a donne straniere che assunsero l’italiano come lingua per narrare l’esperienza dei Lager e che hanno insistito sugli aspetti della deformazione del corpo, del cibo, del rapporto con la madre e del rifiuto della maternità . Non mancano le narrazioni di bambini nascosti per farli scampare alla cattura e alla morte; o esperienze uniche di chi, come Luce d’Eramo, volle provare volontariamente la vita dei Lager, o, come Helga Schneider, ha scoperto di essere figlia di una criminale nazista. Ma oltre allo sterminio degli ebrei anche i deportati politici fecero sentire la loro voce, con generi letterari diversi, dall’autobiografia alla fiction; e anche i reportages dal ghetto di Varsavia o i romanzi sulla retata nel ghetto di Roma hanno contribuito a inserire la Shoah nella memoria culturale italiana. Ci sembra importante tornare su questi temi nei nostri tempi, quando la verità storica viene messa in dubbio dal razzismo e dagli artifici retorici della post-verità . Beyond Primo Levi’s well-known contributions on the topic, a significant number of other men and women have provided a literary testimony from Italy on the experience of the Holocaust and the Deportation. Beginning in 1945, a number of these testimonies were narrated by women from other countries who chose Italian as the language to recount the experience of the Lager. These women insisted on treating topics like the deformation of the body, food, their relationships with their mothers and the refusal of motherhood. We also have narratives from individuals who, as children, were secretly hidden in order to save their lives. Unique stories, like that of Luce d’Eramo, who purposely chose to experience the horrors of life in an extermination camp, or Helga Schneider, who discovered she was the daughter of a Nazi war criminal, can also be found amongst these narratives. Beyond autobiography, different literary genres, including fiction, were used by political deportees to shed light on their experiences, while the reportages from the Warsaw ghetto and the novels on the round-up in the Rome ghetto also contributed to introduce the Holocaust into the Italian cultural memory. It seems important to come back to these topics in this day and age when historical truth is being questioned by racism and post-truth rhetoric