Unit Root Tests of Canadian Poverty Measures

This note examines the non-stationarity property of a most widely used Canadian poverty measure, low income cut-off, for Canada and for each of its ten provinces using various unit root tests which started gaining popularity since the early 1980s. Most test results indicate that the Canadian poverty rates for the period of 1980 to 2003 are non-stationary. Therefore it is quite reasonable and appropriate to model the Canadian poverty rates as an I(1) process in the empirical studies on poverty issues in Canada.

Anisotropic models for compact stars

In the present paper we obtain an anisotropic analogue of Durgapal-Fuloria (1985) perfect fluid solution. The methodology consists of contraction of anisotropic factor $\Delta$ by the help of both metric potentials $e^{\nu}$ and $e^{\lambda}$. Here we consider $e^{\lambda}$ same as Durgapal-Fuloria (1985) whereas $e^{\nu}$ is that given by Lake (2003). The field equations are solved by the change of dependent variable method. The solutions set mathematically thus obtained are compared with the physical properties of some of the compact stars, strange star as well as white dwarf. It is observed that all the expected physical features are available related to stellar fluid distribution which clearly indicate validity of the model.Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables; Published in European Physical Journal

A new model for spherically symmetric anisotropic compact star

In this article we obtain a new anisotropic solution for Einstein's field equation of embedding class one metric. The solution is representing the realistic objects such as $Her~X-1$ and $RXJ~1856-37$. We perform detailed investigation of both objects by solving numerically the Einstein field equations under with anisotropic pressure. The physical features of the parameters depend on the anisotropic factor i.e. if anisotropy is zero everywhere inside the star then the density and pressures will become zero and metric turns out to be flat. We report our results and compare with the above mentioned two compact objects on a number of key aspects: the central density, the surface density onset and the critical scaling behavior, the effective mass and radius ratio, the anisotropization with isotropic initial conditions, adiabatic index and red shift. Along with this we have also made a comparison between the classical limit and theoretical model treatment of the compact objects. Finally we discuss the implications of our findings for the stability condition in relativistic compact star.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 2 table

Stomatal Movements Associated With Potassium Fluxes

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141735/1/ajb212347.pd

Trichomes Of Cannabis Sativa L. (Cannabaceae)

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142132/1/ajb211846.pd

A similar phylogeographical structure among sympatric North American birches (Betula) is better explained by introgression than by shared biogeographical history

AimA comparative analysis of the chloroplast (cp) DNA structure of eastern North American birches (Betula) was undertaken to infer the impacts of Quaternary climate change on the phylogeographical structure of these species.LocationEastern North America.MethodsGenetic variation in chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) and the psbA–trnH intergenic spacer in Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis and Betula lenta was analysed in samples from 65, 80 and 12 populations, respectively. Co‐occurring Betula uber, Betula populifolia and Betula cordifolia were also sampled to examine haplotype relationships and account for potential introgression. Haplotype networks, Bayesian analysis and comparisons of RST and GST values were used to evaluate the phylogeographical structure. Genetic diversity within and among species was compared using rarefaction analysis.ResultsThe two most widespread species, B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis, showed high levels of haplotype diversity, while the Appalachian endemic B. lenta possessed a single haplotype. Bayesian analysis revealed three main phylogeographical groups for B. papyrifera and four groups for B. alleghaniensis, and these two species showed extensive regional haplotype sharing and a high introgression ratio.Main conclusionsWe postulate that at least three separate refugia contributed to the recolonization of B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis within eastern North America, while B. lenta appears to have recolonized from a single refugium. A high haplotype diversity of B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis in the Great Lakes region may reflect biogeographical contact between eastern and western lineages, with the potential influence of periglacial refugia. Similar phylogeographical patterns in the distantly related B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis represent a geographical turnover of the same locally shared haplotypes, pointing to introgression rather than shared biogeographical history as the mechanism. Although similar phylogeographical patterns are often interpreted as evidence for common biogeographical histories, our study demonstrates that such patterns can also arise through introgression.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110577/1/jbi12394.pd

Detection Of Silica In Plants

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141518/1/ajb207909.pd

Effects of Elevated Predation Risk on Female Mate Selection and Maternal Effects in Trinidadian guppies

Predation carries a number of non-consumptive i.e. non-lethal behavioural effects over daily, seasonal, yearly, and generational time scales through which population-level changes in innate antipredator behaviour can occur. Two proposed ways through which these changes may occur are by (1) shaping female mate selection decision-making behaviours to reduce the risk of a predation event, and (2) by improving offspring fitness through anticipatory maternal effects on offspring antipredator behaviour. While changes in antipredator behaviour under these conditions have been noted under acute and long-term risk, similar studies looking at populations reared under short-term elevated background predation risk are lacking. In this thesis, I looked at the impact of elevated predation risk over a period of several days on the reproductive behaviours of female Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and their offspring. In my first experiment, I exposed adult female guppies to intermediate and elevated ambient short-term predation risk and predicted that female guppies would reduce their preference for brightly coloured males and exhibit increased antipredator behaviours. I tested this by measuring the guppy’s latency to enter, sexual activity, time spent with the blue male, and sampling frequency. I found no evidence of intermediate and elevated ambient short-term predation risk affecting female mate preference nor antipredator behaviours. In the second experiment, I examined the impact of elevated maternal predation risk on the antipredator behaviour of Trinidadian guppy offspring. I did this by exposing pregnant female guppies to elevated predation risk and subsequently measuring the antipredator behaviours of their offspring. I predicted that offspring of female guppies under elevated predation risk would exhibit increased dispersal, exploratory behaviour, and neophobic predator-avoidance behaviour. I tested this by measuring offspring response to a novel odour, total distance travelled, mean velocity, number of darts, average acceleration of darts, and time spent paused. I found no evidence of elevated predation risk affecting offspring antipredator responses nor inducing neophobia. Overall, the results of the female mate selection experiment and the anticipatory maternal effects experiment did not provide evidence of elevated predation risk over short-term time frames altering reproductive behaviour in Trinidadian guppies. My results stand in contrast to similar research on wild fish populations and thus additional research is needed to understand the role of short-term predation risk on Trinidadian guppy reproductive behaviours

Effect of Curing Conditions and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Strength of an Expansive Soil Stabilized with a Combination of Lime, Jaggery, and Gallnut Powder

This investigation involved the utilization of the combination of lime, jaggery, and gallnut powder, adopted in South India traditionally. This combination of materials, used for the manufacture of lime-based mortars, was adopted in stabilization of an expansive soil. Three combinations of lime, jaggery, and gallnut powder (LJG) in the ratios of 8 : 2 : 2, 8 : 2 : 1, and 8 : 1 : 2 were put into use. The effect of subjecting the combinations to alternate cycles of freeze-thaw (up to 3 cycles) and three different curing conditions of air, moisture, and heat was also investigated. In addition, a mineralogical investigation for studying the reaction products was also carried out. The investigation proceeded with the determination of the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of stabilized specimens of dimensions 38 mm × 76 mm, cured for periods of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The results of the investigation revealed that the addition of LJG resulted in an increase in the strength of the stabilized soil. Freeze-thaw cycles resulted in a reduction in strength with LJG821 proving to be the most optimal combination developing the maximum strength and least strength loss due to freeze-thaw cycles. Thermal curing proved to be the most optimal curing condition out of all curing conditions evaluated