Effects of season and diel cycle on hydroacoustic estimates of density, Target Strength, and vertical distribution of fish in Yudong Reservoir, a plateau deep water reservoir in southwest China in a plateau deep

Hydroacoustics is a non-invasive fish stock assessment sampling technique that plays an important role in fishery science and management. However, non-standard hydroacoustic surveys could lead to biased results, and the factor of the sampling period (e.g., season and diel cycle) is extremely critical as it can greatly affect hydroacoustic results. Efforts to improve the accuracy and credibility of the hydroacoustic survey results are getting more and more attention. Thus, we conducted two diel hydroacoustic surveys in situ in summer and winter to detect whether there were diel and seasonal differences in density, Target Strength (TS) and vertical distribution of fish. The results indicated that nighttime had significantly higher fish mean density than daytime in summer and winter. No significant difference between summer and winter daytime, however, significant difference between summer and winter nighttime, but this bias could be accepted from the fisheries management perspective; The mean TS of the summer daytime was significantly higher than that of summer nighttime, winter daytime and winter nighttime, but there were no significant differences among summer nighttime, winter daytime, and winter nighttime, mainly due to mean TS may be overestimated from fish schooling behavior during summer daytime; The fish vertical distribution had significant seasonal correlations and was more dispersed in different water layers during the nighttime, proving that the assessment was better at nighttime than during the daytime. Consequently, the hydroacoustic surveys in Yudong Reservoir and other similar plateau deep water reservoirs should be performed at nighttime, which will yield relatively accurate density and TS, and dispersed vertical distribution of fish

Modulating autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells effectively protects against hypoxia- or ischemia-induced injury

Abstract In mammals, a basal level of autophagy, a self-eating cellular process, degrades cytosolic proteins and subcellular organelles in lysosomes to provide energy, recycles the cytoplasmic components, and regenerates cellular building blocks; thus, autophagy maintains cellular and tissue homeostasis in all eukaryotic cells. In general, adaptive autophagy increases when cells confront stressful conditions to improve the survival rate of the cells, while destructive autophagy is activated when the cellular stress is not manageable and elicits the regenerative capacity. Hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury initiate excessive autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequently induce a string of damage in mammalian tissues or organs. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has yielded promising results in repairing H/R- or I/R-induced injury in various tissues. However, MSC transplantation in vivo must overcome the barriers including the low survival rate of transplanted stem cells, limited targeting capacity, and low grafting potency; therefore, much effort is needed to increase the survival and activity of MSCs in vivo. Modulating autophagy regulates the stemness and the anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and pro-survival capacity of MSCs and can be applied to MSC-based therapy for repairing H/R- or I/R-induced cellular or tissue injury

Nondestructively Visualizing and Understanding "Soft Short" and Li Creeping in All-solid-state Lithium-Metal Batteries

All-solid-state Li-metal batteries (ASLMBs) have the potential to outperform conventional Li-ion batteries in terms of high energy density and safety; however, their applications are challenged by the dendrite-related short circuit. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the mechano-electro-chemo behavior of Li. For the first time, we nondestructively visualize the Li behavior in ASLMBs through operando neutron imaging and X-ray computed tomography (XCT). The 2D neutron radiography tracks the real-time Li evolutions before and after the "soft short". The 3D neutron tomography evidences the Li-metal deformation, and XCT provides 3D views of the battery after the "soft short". Despite "soft short", our observation indicates that Faradaic processes persist. Meanwhile, the coupling of stacking pressure and plating-induced stress triggers the Li-metal deformation toward the current collector and the SE, which results in the "soft short". This work inspires future research on stabilizing the Li metal in ASLMBs from the mechano-electro-chemo aspect

Growth Performance, Nutritional Quality, and Immune-Related Gene Expression of the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in Pond Ecosystem as Influenced by Stocking Density

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of stocking density on growth performance, nutritional quality, and immune-related gene expression of Eriocheir sinensis and water quality in pond ecosystems. E. sinensis were randomly divided into five density groups (G1: 1.2 inds/m2; G2: 1.5 inds/m2; G3: 1.8 inds/m2; G4: 2.1 inds/m2; G5: 2.4 inds/m2) based on their breeding densities, and three replicates were set up for each density group, for a total of fifteen ponds. After 169 days of breeding, the muscle, hepatopancreatic tissue, and hemolymph of E. sinensis, randomly selected from each group, were collected for analysis. Body weight (BW), carapace length, and carapace width increased with breeding time, and the BW of E. sinensis in G3 was higher than that in the other groups. In the muscle and hepatopancreas, the crude lipid content in the G3 group was higher than that in the other groups (p > 0.05). In the muscle tissue, the contents of total, essential, and delicious amino acids in the G3 group were higher than those in the other groups. The expression levels of immune-related genes in G5 were higher than those in the other groups. The value of pH decreased and NO2-N increased significantly in the G5 group and pH, as a synergetic factor of culture density, affected the growth performance of E. sinensis. In conclusion, stocking density has a certain impact on the growth performance, nutrition quality, and immunity of E. sinensis and water quality in pond ecosystems, and a stocking density of 1.8 inds/m2 can be considered optimal for rearing in pond ecosystems of the Poyang Lake region

Growth Performance, Nutritional Quality, and Immune-Related Gene Expression of the Chinese Mitten Crab (<em>Eriocheir sinensis</em>) in Pond Ecosystem as Influenced by Stocking Density

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of stocking density on growth performance, nutritional quality, and immune-related gene expression of Eriocheir sinensis and water quality in pond ecosystems. E. sinensis were randomly divided into five density groups (G1: 1.2 inds/m2; G2: 1.5 inds/m2; G3: 1.8 inds/m2; G4: 2.1 inds/m2; G5: 2.4 inds/m2) based on their breeding densities, and three replicates were set up for each density group, for a total of fifteen ponds. After 169 days of breeding, the muscle, hepatopancreatic tissue, and hemolymph of E. sinensis, randomly selected from each group, were collected for analysis. Body weight (BW), carapace length, and carapace width increased with breeding time, and the BW of E. sinensis in G3 was higher than that in the other groups. In the muscle and hepatopancreas, the crude lipid content in the G3 group was higher than that in the other groups (p > 0.05). In the muscle tissue, the contents of total, essential, and delicious amino acids in the G3 group were higher than those in the other groups. The expression levels of immune-related genes in G5 were higher than those in the other groups. The value of pH decreased and NO2-N increased significantly in the G5 group and pH, as a synergetic factor of culture density, affected the growth performance of E. sinensis. In conclusion, stocking density has a certain impact on the growth performance, nutrition quality, and immunity of E. sinensis and water quality in pond ecosystems, and a stocking density of 1.8 inds/m2 can be considered optimal for rearing in pond ecosystems of the Poyang Lake region