Syntax and Semantics of Monophasal Causatives

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 인문대학 언어학과, 2021. 2. Nam Seungho.This thesis investigates the semantics and syntax of causation in monophasal predicates and differentiates between the semantic types of causation and syntactic types of causation by criticizing various semantic and syntactic approaches to causation and CAUSE. It will be argued that the semantic approaches to what is loosely referred to as “defeasible causatives” are either very strong, making a distinction between the sentential and contextual meaning impossible, or not comprehensive. It will be argued that the semantic types of causation can be explained by using the notion of the atomicity of subevents. Accordingly, a monophasal predicate can denote four types of causation; “causation with an atomic result” (a type of causation, whose result is entailed or implied to be atomic), “causation with plural sub-results” (a type of causation, which is composed of plural sub-results), “causation with zero-results” (a type of causation whose result only derives from a plurality of causing subevents) and “destined causation” (a type of causation whose result derives from a plurality of an “extended chain of disjoint sub-events”). This thesis also argues that previous approaches to the syntax of causation in monophasal predicates suffer configurational problems, namely an improper place of syntactic heads with respect to each other which results in various syntactic problems. It will be claimed that syntactically, the functional head CAUSE can give rise to “causative fluctuation”, which is the syntactic inversion of CAUSE with respect to the root —i.e. CAUSE appears above or below the verbal root, and canonically, all types of causation can show causative fluctuation in a causative predicate. This thesis argues that the existing characteristics of causative fluctuation can be seen in two major environments. The first environment is the English ‘induced action’ verbs, and resultatives with unselected objects. It will be argued that only the former but not the latter shows causative fluctuation. The second environment is what I claim to be a type of unmarked anticausative which unlike other unmarked anticausatives constitutes a VOICE (semi-anticausatives). It will be argued that semi-anticausatives only allow CAUSE to appear above the lexical root and this behavior can be extended to all anticausatives and ‘non-causative resultatives’.본고는 기존 연구들에 비판적으로 접근하여 사역의 통사와 의미를 구별함으로써 단일국면 구문에서 표현되는 사역사건의 의미와 통사를 밝히고자 한다. 의미론적 측면에서 함축되는 결과를 지니는 defeasible causative 구문의 의미에 관해 여러 연구들이 있지만 아주 강하거나 모든 defeasible causative 구문에 해당하지 않다고 주장한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 본고에서는 atomicity라는 개념을 사건 구조에 적용하여 사역사건을 유형화하여 제시한다. 이에 따라 오직 원인 하위 사건 복수성이 함축되면 "causation with zero-results", 불특정한 하위 결과사건이 함축되면 "causation with plural sub-results" 그리고 "분리결과"의 복수성이 함축되면 "destined causation"으로 관찰된다. 이러한 유형들과는 달리 함의되거나 함축되는 atomic 결과사건은 "causation with an atomic result"으로 유형화된다. 통사론적 측면에서 기존 연구는 핵(head)의 결합문제가 있다는 사실을 주장하고 이 문제를 해결하는 데에도 기여하였다. 본고는 외부 논항의 직접 및 간접 참여가 구분된다. 이로써 CAUSE가 동사 어근(root)의 위나 아래에 생성됨으로써, 다시 말하면 사역 변동(fluctuation)으로, 핵(head)의 결합문제를 설명할 수 있음을 보인다. 본고는 사역 변동의 특징을 나타내는 구문 중에 결과 구문(resultatives)과 반사역 구문을 대상으로 한다. 예컨대 "unselected" 목적어를 지니는 영어의 결과 구문이 "induced action" 구문과 달리 사역 변동을 보여주지 못한다고 주장한다. 또한, 페르시아어의 "semi-anticausative" 동사들의 의미통사적 행동을 관찰함으로써 모든 "반사역동사" (anticausatives) 또한 "비사역결과구문" (noncausative resultatives)에는 사역이 어근 위에만 나타날 수 있다고 주장하고 이러한 행동의 의미통사적 원인을 설명한다. 지금까지의 발견을 종합하여 본고는 사역 통사가 사역과 동사 어근의 통사적 위치에서 온 것이고 사역에 의미는 결과사건에 해석에서 온 것이라고 주장한다.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Causation in Monophasal Predicates 1 1.2 Rethinking Causation and CAUSE 2 1.3 Summary of the Dissertation: Causative Fluctuation 4 2 Previous Semantic Accounts of Causation and Defeasible Causatives 6 2.1 CAUSE-less Approaches 7 2.1.1 Possible Worlds Approach 7 2.1.2 Scale Approach 8 2.1.3 CAUSE-less Modal Based Approach 12 2.1.4 Low Applicative Approach 17 2.1.5 Force Dynamics Approach 18 2.2 CAUSE-based with Sublexical Modality Approaches 20 2.2.1 CAUSE-based Approach to 'Prospective Possessor' Verbs 20 2.2.2 CAUSE-based Approach to Failed Attempt Predicates 23 2.3 Summary 25 3 Previous Syntactic Accounts of Causation 26 3.1 Polymorphic Approach to CAUSE 26 3.1.1 Configurational Problems 31 3.1.1.1 Sequence of Subevents 31 3.1.1.2 'Voice Bundling' 32 3.1.2 Secondary v and VOICE 35 3.1.2.1 Secondary VOICE in Monophasal Causative 37 3.1.2.2 Again and "Secondary v" 45 3.1.3 Summary 47 3.2 Applicative Approaches to Causatives 48 3.3 Event Decompositional Approach 54 3.4 Other Approaches 59 3.5 Summary 60 4. Types of Causation 61 4.1 The Sources of Different Types of Causation 61 4.2 Atomicity and Result 64 4.3 Atomicity and Causation Types 66 4.3.1 Causation with Atomic Result 66 4.3.2 Causation with Plural Sub-results 67 4.3.3 Causation with Zero-result 72 4.3.4 Destined Causation 74 4.4 Summary and Discussion 76 5. Causative Fluctuation: 'Direct' and 'Indirect' Causation 78 5.1 A Participant Based Analysis of (In)Direct Causation 78 5.2 Types of Causation and Indirect Causation 85 5.2.1 (In)Direct Causation Readings in Causation with Atomic Result 85 5.2.2 (In)direct Causation Readings in Causation with Plural Sub-results 85 5.2.3 (In)direct Causation Readings in Causation with Zero-result 86 5.2.4 (In)direct Causation Readings in Destined Causation 87 5.3 Proposal: Causative Fluctuation 89 5.4 Semantic Conditions on "Causative Fluctuation" 97 5.5 Modification Domain 102 5.6 Summary of the Results 108 6. Causative Fluctuation with English 'Induced Action' Verbs 110 6.1 Causation in Resultatives 111 6.2 (In)direct Causation in 'Induced Action' Verbs 114 6.3 Induced Causation in Resultatives 117 6.4 Summary and Conclusion 121 7. CAUSE in Anticausatives 122 7.1 VOICE in Anticausatives 122 7.1.1 VOICE and VOICE Typology 122 7.1.2 Problems with the Current Account of Anticausatives in Persian 127 7.2 "Semi-anticausatives" in Persian 131 7.3 Analysis and Proposal 134 7.3.1 Topic -r in Anticausatives 134 7.3.2 Unintentional Adverbs in Persian 137 7.3.3 Intentionality and Indirectness of Causation in Semi-anticausatives 138 7.3.4 Analysis 140 7.4 Interim Conclusion 142 7.5 Indirectness of Causation in 'Non-causatives' 143 7.6 Summary of Results 145 8 Concluding Remarks 146 References 148 국문초록 161Docto