4,269 research outputs found
Second Order Perturbation Theory for Improved Gluon and Staggered Quark Actions
We present the results of our perturbative calculations of the static quark
potential, small Wilson loops, the static quark self energy, and the mean link
in Landau gauge. These calculations are done for the one loop Symanzik improved
gluon action, and the improved staggered quark action.Comment: 3 pages, LaTeX, Lattice2001(improvement
Quarkonium spin structure in lattice NRQCD
Numerical simulations of the quarkonium spin splittings are done in the
framework of lattice nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD). At leading
order in the velocity expansion the spin splittings are of , where
is the renormalized quark mass and is the mean squared quark
velocity. A systematic analysis is done of all next-to-leading order
corrections. This includes the addition of relativistic
interactions, and the removal of discretization errors in the
leading-order interactions. Simulations are done for both S- and P-wave mesons,
with a variety of heavy quark actions and over a wide range of lattice
spacings. Two prescriptions for the tadpole improvement of the action are also
studied in detail: one using the measured value of the average plaquette, the
other using the mean link measured in Landau gauge. Next-to-leading order
interactions result in a very large reduction in the charmonium splittings,
down by about 60% from their values at leading order. There are further
indications that the velocity expansion may be poorly convergent for
charmonium. Prelimary results show a small correction to the hyperfine
splitting in the Upsilon system.Comment: 16 pages, REVTEX v3.1, 5 postscript figures include
Tadpole renormalization and relativistic corrections in lattice NRQCD
We make a comparison of two tadpole renormalization schemes in the context of
the quarkonium hyperfine splittings in lattice NRQCD. Improved gauge-field and
NRQCD actions are analyzed using the mean-link in Landau gauge, and
using the fourth root of the average plaquette . Simulations are done
for , , and systems. The hyperfine splittings are
computed both at leading and at next-to-leading order in the relativistic
expansion. Results are obtained at lattice spacings in the range of about
0.14~fm to 0.38~fm. A number of features emerge, all of which favor tadpole
renormalization using . This includes much better scaling behavior of
the hyperfine splittings in the three quarkonium systems when is
used. We also find that relativistic corrections to the spin splittings are
smaller when is used, particularly for the and
systems. We also see signs of a breakdown in the NRQCD expansion when the bare
quark mass falls below about one in lattice units. Simulations with
also appear to be better behaved in this context: the bare quark masses turn
out to be larger when is used, compared to when is used on
lattices with comparable spacings. These results also demonstrate the need to
go beyond tree-level tadpole improvement for precision simulations.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures (minor changes to some phraseology and
references
Response to pulmonary arterial hypertension drug therapies in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors.
The age at diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and the prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors are increasing. We sought to determine whether the response to drug therapy was influenced by CV risk factors in PAH patients. We studied consecutive incident PAH patients (n = 146) between January 1, 2008, and July 15, 2011. Patients were divided into two groups: the PAH-No CV group included patients with no CV risk factors (obesity, systemic hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, permanent atrial fibrillation, mitral and/or aortic valve disease, and coronary artery disease), and the PAH-CV group included patients with at least one. The response to PAH treatment was analyzed in all the patients who received PAH drug therapy. The PAH-No CV group included 43 patients, and the PAH-CV group included 69 patients. Patients in the PAH-No CV group were younger than those in the PAH-CV group (P < 0.0001). In the PAH-No CV group, 16 patients (37%) improved on treatment and 27 (63%) did not improve, compared with 11 (16%) and 58 (84%) in the PAH-CV group, respectively (P = 0.027 after adjustment for age). There was no difference in survival at 30 months (P = 0.218). In conclusion, in addition to older age, CV risk factors may predict a reduced response to PAH drug therapy in patients with PAH
In-home dementia caregiving is associated with greater psychological burden and poorer mental health than out-of-home caregiving: a cross-sectional study
Introduction: Caregivers who live with a person with dementia who receives care, compared with those who live elsewhere, are often considered to experience greater levels of psychological and affective burden. The evidence for this is, however, only limited to studies employing small sample sizes and that failed to examine caregivers’ psychological wellbeing. We address these issues in a large cohort of dementia caregivers. //
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study comparing caregivers living with a dementia care recipient (n = 240) to caregivers living elsewhere (n = 255) on caregivers’ burden, anxiety, and depression. //
Results: We found that caregivers living with the care recipient relative to those living elsewhere showed significantly greater burden and depression, but we found no group difference in anxiety. //
Conclusions: Our study adds to the evidence by showing that cohabiting with a care recipient with dementia is associated with greater burden and poorer psychological wellbeing. Strategies aiming to improve caregivers’ burden and psychological wellbeing should take account of caregivers’ living arrangements
Assessing heat vulnerability in London care settings: case studies of adaptation to climate change
This pilot study aims at testing methods to assess heat
vulnerability in London care homes and develop
overheating reduction strategies to mitigate temperature
exposure and the associated negative health impacts under
the warming climate, with a view to scaling up the project
on a national scale. It undertakes feasibility work to
identify possible causes of overheating across a range of
care home types and evaluate the current and future
potential of indicative passive solutions.
The summertime thermal environments of five case study
care homes were monitored and their physical, technical
and occupancy profiles were established through surveys.
The data was inputed in the EnergyPlus V8.9 dynamic
thermal simulations via the DesignBuilder Graphical User
Interface. Future overheating risks and their reduction
potential through the use of passive strategies were tested
under a set of representative climate change scenarios,
during a five-day heatwave period. The dynamic thermal
simulation analysis indicated that older buildings with
higher heat loss and thermal mass capacities are likely to
benefit more from the application of high albedo materials
rather than external shading methods, whereas newer and
highly insulated buildings seem to benefit more from
higher ventilation rates and appropriate external shading
systems. Night ventilation emerged as the single most
impactful passive technique for all building types.
This feasibility work has developed novel methods,
knowledge and insights that will be helpful in
understanding how to enable care settings in the UK to
become resilient to rising heat stress. This is one of the
first systematic attempts to build a set of dynamic thermal
models of care homes in the UK
Microrheology, stress fluctuations and active behavior of living cells
We report the first measurements of the intrinsic strain fluctuations of
living cells using a recently-developed tracer correlation technique along with
a theoretical framework for interpreting such data in heterogeneous media with
non-thermal driving. The fluctuations' spatial and temporal correlations
indicate that the cytoskeleton can be treated as a course-grained continuum
with power-law rheology, driven by a spatially random stress tensor field.
Combined with recent cell rheology results, our data imply that intracellular
stress fluctuations have a nearly power spectrum, as expected for
a continuum with a slowly evolving internal prestress.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. Let
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Effects of two contrasting canopy manipulations on growth and water use of London plane (Platanus x acerifolia) trees
Aims: Two contrasting canopy manipulations were compared to unpruned controls on London plane trees, to determine the effects on canopy regrowth, soil and leaf water relations.
Methods: ‘Canopy reduction’, was achieved by removing the outer 30 % length of all major branches and ‘canopy thinning’, by removing 30 % of lateral branches arising from major branches.
Results: Total canopy leaf areas recovered within two and three years of pruning for the canopy-thinned and reduced trees respectively. Canopy reduction increased mean leaf size, nitrogen concentration, canopy leaf area density and conserved soil moisture for up to 3 years, whereas canopy thinning had no effects. Another experiment compared more severe canopy reduction to unpruned trees. This produced a similar growth response to the previous experiment, but soil moisture was conserved nearer to the trunk. Analysis of 13C and 18O signals along with leaf water relations and soil moisture data suggested that lower boundary layer conductance within the canopy-reduced trees restricted tree water use, whereas for the canopy-thinned trees the opposite occurred.
Conclusions: Only canopy reduction conserved soil moisture and this was due to a combination of reduced total canopy leaf area and structural changes in canopy architecture
Passive Strategies to Improve Thermal Conditions in a Care Home in London, UK
This work assesses the current and future risk of summer thermal discomfort of older adults in a refurbished care home in London, UK. It further explores the potential of passive adaptations to improve indoor environmental conditions. Temperature and relative humidity data from continuous monitoring during summer 2019 were used to calibrate a building performance simulation model of the care home. Simulation outputs from two bedrooms and two lounges under the current (2019) and future climate (2080s with 90th percentile probability, high-emissions scenario under the UK Climate Projections 2009) were analyzed to evaluate the risk of indoor overheating and humidity discomfort, and to test the effectiveness of adaptation scenarios related to window operation and external shading. Results showed a high risk of exposure to high indoor temperature and low humidity under the current climate, which are expected to worsen in the future. Regarding the effect of passive adaptations, it was found that the highest potential decline in overheating and dry air incidence could be achieved through a combination of secured window opening at night and closing of external shutters during the day; yet this was compromised by an increased risk of humid air. Results further indicated that these strategies are not adequate under a future high-emissions climate scenario, which suggests that care homes need to combine passive and active ventilation to maintain indoor environmental comfort and reduce anticipated cooling demand
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