Ocena wpływu zmian klimatycznych na przepływ transgranicznej rzeki Struma przez terytorium Bułgarii z wykorzystaniem wskaźników zintegrowanych

The present work considers the Struma River on the Bulgarian territory using the integral method for evaluation of climatic and anthropogenic impacts on the river flow average annual water volume and maximum and minimum water flow. The level of this impact is determined by the index Ki (flow module), the index Ci for the deviation of the average annual water flow Qi from the flow norm Q0. the index Ki,max for the deviation of the maximum water flow Qmax,i from the flow norm Q0, the index Ki,min for the deviation of the minimum water flow Qmin,i from the flow norm Q0, the index Mi,max for the deviation of the maximum water flow from the maximum flow norm Qmax,0 the index Mi,min for the deviation of the minimum water flow from the minimum flow norm Qmin,0. The new approach offered includes the introduction of more specific indicators for assessment of climatic impacts on the river water flow like indices for flow module (Ki,av), for deviation of average (Ci), The use of the indices suggested makes possible to estimate the role of different climatic changes by Ki,av, Ki, in, Ki,max. Mi,min, Mi,max, Ci, hi and hi,max. This is made for the first time in assessment of climatic impacts and has been checked at Pernik and Krupnik for the period 1948-2006. The indices are integral in their nature because they reflect specific climatic caused events like abundant years, dry years, floods and draughts.Dokonano oceny wpływu zmian klimatycznych i antropogennych na średni roczny przepływ wody oraz wartość maksymalnego i minimalnego przepływu wody w rzece Struma przepływającej przez terytorium Bułgarii. Parametry te są określone przez indeks Ki (wskaźnik przepływu), wskaźnik Ci średniego odchylenia rocznego przepływu wody Qi do normy przepływu Q0, indeks Ki,max maksymalnego odchylenia przepływu wody Qmax,i do normy przepływu Q0, indeks Ki,min minimalnego odchylenia przepływu wody Qmin,i do normy przepływu Q0, wskaźnik Mi,max maksymalnego odchylenia przepływu wody do maksymalnej normy przepływu Qmax,0, indeks Mi,min minimalnego odchylenia przepływu wody do minimalnej normy przepływu Qmin,0. Nowe podejście wprowadza bardziej szczegółowe wskaźniki oceny wpływu klimatu na wody rzeki, jak wskaźniki przepływu modułu (Ki,av), odchylenie średniej (Ci), Zastosowanie sugerowanych wskaźników umożliwia ocenę roli różnych zmian klimatycznych przez Ki,av, Ki,min, Ki,max, Mi,min, Mi,max. Ci, hi i hi,max. Metoda ta została zastosowana i sprawdzona w Perniku i Krupniku dla lat 1948-2006 w celu oceny skutków zmian klimatu. Indeksy te odzwierciedlają wywołane zmianami klimatycznymi szczególne wydarzenia, takie jak: lata suche, powodzie i wiatry

Simulation of the operator working capacity of unmanned aircraft complexes based on cardiac rhythm

Представлены параметры сердечного ритма для анализа работоспособности операторов беспилотных авиационных комплексов. Предложены три математические модели динамики работоспособности и функциональной активности операторов на основе параметров сердечного ритма. The number of parameters of the cardiac rhythm to analyze the health of operators of unmanned aircraft systems has been presented. Three mathematical models of the dynamics of health and functional operators activity made on the basis of parameters of cardiac rhythm were proposed

The criteria of entropy-information analysis of the educational process in master degree of technical university

Entropy-information criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the educational process are proposed. The expediency of improvement and optimization of educational process in magistracy in the conditions of magistracy of modern technical University is shown. Предложены критерии энтропийно-информационного анализа для мониторинга и оценки эффективности образовательного процесса. Показана целесообразность совершенствования и оптимизации образовательного процесса в магистратуре в условиях магистратуры современного технического университета

An educational information environment for optimization of training of it-specialists in the field of automated testing of the graphic user interface

Целью статьи является обоснование и анализ профессиональной образовательной информационной среды для организации и оптимизации процесса образовательной подготовки IT-специалистов в области автоматизированного тестирования графического пользовательского интерфейса. Проанализирована проблема создания профессиональной образовательной информационной среды для IT-специалистов. Охарактеризованы основы реализации технологий программного обеспечения для автоматического тестирования графического интерфейса. Рассмотрены факторы и уровни организации образовательного процесса на основе профессиональной образовательной информационной среды. Предложен алгоритм оценки удовлетворенности качеством образовательных услуг с использованием профессиональной образовательной информационной среды. Рассмотрены элементы математического моделирования образовательного процесса учебной дисциплины «Автоматизированное тестирования графических пользовательских интерфейсов». The purpose of the article is to substantiate and analyze the professional educational information environment for organizing and optimizing the process of educational training of IT specialists in the field of automated testing of the graphical user interface. The problem of creating a professional educational information environment for IT specialists is analyzed. Has been described the basics of implementing software technologies for automatic testing of the graphical interface. The factors and the levels of organization of the educational process based on the professional educational information environment are considered. An algorithm for assessing satisfaction and applying the results of evaluating the quality of educational services using a professional educational information environment is proposed. An elements of mathematical modeling of the educational process of the discipline "Automated testing of graphical user interfaces are considered

General anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial

Background: The effect of carotid endarterectomy in lowering the risk of stroke ipsilateral to severe atherosclerotic carotid-artery stenosis is offset by complications during or soon after surgery. We compared surgery under general anaesthesia with that under local anaesthesia because prediction and avoidance of perioperative strokes might be easier under local anaesthesia than under general anaesthesia. Methods: We undertook a parallel group, multicentre, randomised controlled trial of 3526 patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid stenosis from 95 centres in 24 countries. Participants were randomly assigned to surgery under general (n=1753) or local (n=1773) anaesthesia between June, 1999 and October, 2007. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with stroke (including retinal infarction), myocardial infarction, or death between randomisation and 30 days after surgery. Analysis was by intention to treat. The trial is registered with Current Control Trials number ISRCTN00525237. Findings: A primary outcome occurred in 84 (4·8%) patients assigned to surgery under general anaesthesia and 80 (4·5%) of those assigned to surgery under local anaesthesia; three events per 1000 treated were prevented with local anaesthesia (95% CI -11 to 17; risk ratio [RR] 0·94 [95% CI 0·70 to 1·27]). The two groups did not significantly differ for quality of life, length of hospital stay, or the primary outcome in the prespecified subgroups of age, contralateral carotid occlusion, and baseline surgical risk. Interpretation: We have not shown a definite difference in outcomes between general and local anaesthesia for carotid surgery. The anaesthetist and surgeon, in consultation with the patient, should decide which anaesthetic technique to use on an individual basis. Funding: The Health Foundation (UK) and European Society of Vascular Surgery. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

General anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND: The effect of carotid endarterectomy in lowering the risk of stroke ipsilateral to severe atherosclerotic carotid-artery stenosis is offset by complications during or soon after surgery. We compared surgery under general anaesthesia with that under local anaesthesia because prediction and avoidance of perioperative strokes might be easier under local anaesthesia than under general anaesthesia. METHODS: We undertook a parallel group, multicentre, randomised controlled trial of 3526 patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid stenosis from 95 centres in 24 countries. Participants were randomly assigned to surgery under general (n=1753) or local (n=1773) anaesthesia between June, 1999 and October, 2007. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with stroke (including retinal infarction), myocardial infarction, or death between randomisation and 30 days after surgery. Analysis was by intention to treat. The trial is registered with Current Control Trials number ISRCTN00525237. FINDINGS: A primary outcome occurred in 84 (4.8%) patients assigned to surgery under general anaesthesia and 80 (4.5%) of those assigned to surgery under local anaesthesia; three events per 1000 treated were prevented with local anaesthesia (95% CI -11 to 17; risk ratio [RR] 0.94 [95% CI 0.70 to 1.27]). The two groups did not significantly differ for quality of life, length of hospital stay, or the primary outcome in the prespecified subgroups of age, contralateral carotid occlusion, and baseline surgical risk. INTERPRETATION: We have not shown a definite difference in outcomes between general and local anaesthesia for carotid surgery. The anaesthetist and surgeon, in consultation with the patient, should decide which anaesthetic technique to use on an individual basis. FUNDING: The Health Foundation (UK) and European Society of Vascular Surgery