Penggunaan Media Model dalam Pembelajaran IPA

This study aims to describe the increase in interest and student learning outcomes in science teaching in primary schools. Classroom action research was conducted in two cycles, each cycle consisted of two meetings with the various forms of energy and material use. Research subjects elementary school students grade IV No 20 Gunung Pangilun Padang Utara. The instrument of this study is the observation sheet student\u27s interests, learning activities observation sheets, and achievement test students\u27 interest in learning the instrument. The results showed that students\u27 interest in learning science in one cycle is 64.4 percent, and in the second cycle of 82.2 percent. Student learning outcomes in a single cycle on average 63.5 and 83.5 in the two cycle becomes. Besides that, it also revealed that an increasing mastery learning students from one cycle is 45.8 percent and in the second cycle of 91.6 percent. Analysis of teachers in implementing learning activities in a cycle that is 79.1 per cent and 91.6 per cent of the second cycle. The use of models in the media can increase interest in science learning, learning outcomes and teacher activities . Therefore, the model can be used medium primary school teachers as one of the media in learning science . Besides, teachers also need to make a good plan in accordance with the science curriculum in elementary schools

Permutational ANOVA and ANOSIM tests on the effect of the number of clades used in the calculation of the weighted UniFrac distance between Western (USA and Italy) and non-Western (Malawi, Burkina Faso and Venezuela) individuals.

<p>Permutational ANOVA and ANOSIM tests on the effect of the number of clades used in the calculation of the weighted UniFrac distance between Western (USA and Italy) and non-Western (Malawi, Burkina Faso and Venezuela) individuals.</p

Permutational ANOVA and ANOSIM tests on the effect of the number of clades used in the calculation of the weighted UniFrac distance between young (below two years of age) and older (above two years of age) non-Western individuals (Malawi, Burkina Faso and Venezuela).

<p>Permutational ANOVA and ANOSIM tests on the effect of the number of clades used in the calculation of the weighted UniFrac distance between young (below two years of age) and older (above two years of age) non-Western individuals (Malawi, Burkina Faso and Venezuela).</p

Explaining Diversity in Metagenomic Datasets by Phylogenetic-Based Feature Weighting

<div><p>Metagenomics is revolutionizing our understanding of microbial communities, showing that their structure and composition have profound effects on the ecosystem and in a variety of health and disease conditions. Despite the flourishing of new analysis methods, current approaches based on statistical comparisons between high-level taxonomic classes often fail to identify the microbial taxa that are differentially distributed between sets of samples, since in many cases the taxonomic schema do not allow an adequate description of the structure of the microbiota. This constitutes a severe limitation to the use of metagenomic data in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. To provide a more robust statistical framework, we introduce a class of feature-weighting algorithms that discriminate the taxa responsible for the classification of metagenomic samples. The method unambiguously groups the relevant taxa into clades without relying on pre-defined taxonomic categories, thus including in the analysis also those sequences for which a taxonomic classification is difficult. The phylogenetic clades are weighted and ranked according to their abundance measuring their contribution to the differentiation of the classes of samples, and a criterion is provided to define a reduced set of most relevant clades. Applying the method to public datasets, we show that the data-driven definition of relevant phylogenetic clades accomplished by our ranking strategy identifies features in the samples that are lost if phylogenetic relationships are not considered, improving our ability to mine metagenomic datasets. Comparison with supervised classification methods currently used in metagenomic data analysis highlights the advantages of using phylogenetic information.</p></div

Permutational ANOVA and ANOSIM tests on the effect of the number of clades used in the calculation of the weighted UniFrac distance between young (below two years of age) and older (above two years of age) Western individuals (USA and Italy).

<p>Permutational ANOVA and ANOSIM tests on the effect of the number of clades used in the calculation of the weighted UniFrac distance between young (below two years of age) and older (above two years of age) Western individuals (USA and Italy).</p

Variability of the gut microbiome with geography.

<p>A) PCoA of the weighted UniFrac distances stratified by geographical origin. B) Phylogenetic tree of the OTUs. The 30 clades most relevant for the differentiation of the USA and Italian samples form the Burkina Faso, Malawi and Venezuelan samples are highlighted. Colors distinguish those more prevalent in the USA and Italian samples (green) form those more prevalent in the Burkina Faso, Malawi and Venezuelan samples (red) C) PCoA of the weighted UniFrac distances using only the OTUs included in the most relevant clades. D) Heatmap of the Log₁₀ of the relative abundances of the 30 most relevant clades (rows) identified by PhyloRelief. The age and origin of the individuals (columns) are indicated.</p

Schema of the method.

<p>A) Preliminary analysis. The PhyloRelief algorithm relies on a set of preprocessing steps of the metagenomic datasets that must be performed using standard algorithms. From the sequences of the marker genomic loci selected by the experimental design, an OTU table and a phylogenetic tree of the representative sequences of the OTUs is computed. B) Next, the matrix of the distances between the samples must be computed using a phylogenetic measure of β-diversity, such as weighted or unweighted UniFrac must be provided. C) The PhyloRelief strategy. Once one sample <i>S</i> has been randomly selected, the nearest hit <i>H</i>, <i>i</i>.<i>e</i>. the nearest sample of the same class, and the nearest miss <i>M</i>, <i>i</i>.<i>e</i>. the nearest sample of different class according to distance matrix D^S are identified. D) The update function. For each subtree T_i the weight w_i is updated by summing the value <i>d(T</i>_<i>i</i>,<i>S</i>,<i>H)/m</i> and subtracting <i>d(T</i>_<i>i</i>,<i>S</i>,<i>M)/m</i>. The function <i>d(T</i>_<i>i</i>,<i>A</i>,<i>B)/m</i> is computed by summing the UniFrac distance between the sample <i>A</i> and <i>B</i> restricted to the subtree <i>T</i>_<i>i</i> and <i>m</i> is the number of samples. E) Correlation of the weights and definition of the clades. The weights of each clade propagate to the parents, where it is either reinforced if coalescing with a clade sharing similar unbalance between the classes, or is diluted if coalescing with a clade with no or contrasting unbalance. This allows an iterative procedure leading to the unambiguous identification of a set of uncorrelated clades. F) Output. The algorithm provides a list of clades of the phylogenetic tree ranked according to their contribution to the separation of the classes of samples.</p

Classification accuracy in terms of average K-category correlation coefficient (KCCC) using weighted and unweighted PhyloRelief, LEfSe using OTUs and classified taxa, RF and MetaPhyl.

<p>For PhyloRelief, three value of k (k = 2,3,4) are shown. When feature selection was performed using PhyloRelief, LEfSe and RF, the RF classifier was used. For each of these algorithms we report the cross-validation accuracy in terms of average KCCC, the Standard Error and the number of features selected in the final model using the complete dataset (in parentheses). For PhyloRelief and RF the number of features was selected by a nested cross validation loop. For each dataset, the maximum KCCC value is marked in bold.</p><p>Classification accuracy in terms of average K-category correlation coefficient (KCCC) using weighted and unweighted PhyloRelief, LEfSe using OTUs and classified taxa, RF and MetaPhyl.</p

Additional file 10: Figure S3. of New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders

Candida relative abundance in autistic (AD) and neurotypical (NT) subjects. Candida relative abundances are reported as mean ± standard error. (PDF 19 kb

Additional file 6: of New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders

Spearman’s correlation analysis among the most abundant bacterial genera and the constipation status of the subjects of the study cohort. (PDF 154 kb