Average normalized mutual information between known and discovered community partitions.

<p>Each pair of graphs illustrates the average NMI for the combined approach and the dual-projection approach. The error bars refer to one standard deviation.</p

The Effects of Stability and Presentation Order of Rewards on Justice Evaluations

<div><p>Justice research has evolved by elucidating the factors that affect justice evaluations, as well as their consequences. Unfortunately, few researchers have paid attention to the pattern of rewards over time as a predictor of justice evaluations. There are two main objectives of this research. First, it aims to test the effect of reward stability on justice evaluations. Based on justice theory and prospect theory, we assume that an under-reward at one time cannot be fully offset by an equivalent over-reward at another time. Therefore, in unstable reward systems the asymmetry of the effect of unjust rewards with opposite directions will produce a lower level of justice evaluations over time. The second objective of this research is to show the moderating effect of the presentation order (primacy vs. recency) of unstable rewards on justice evaluations. The results from a controlled experiment with five conditions, which presents the instability of rewards in different orders, confirm both the negative effect of unstable rewards and the stronger effect of primacy on justice evaluations.</p></div

Justice Evaluations by Trials.

<p>Each panel presents justice evaluation levels in (A) Under-Reward/Primacy Condition, (B) Over-Reward/Primacy, (C) Under-Reward/Recency Condition, (D) Over-Reward/Recency Condition, and (E) Control Condition. In all graphs, the horizontal axis indicates “Trial” and the vertical axis indicates “Justice Evaluations (mean with 95% confidential interval)”.</p

Justice Evaluations across the Level of Manipulations.

<p>Justice Evaluations across the Level of Manipulations.</p

Descriptive Statistics of the Participants’ Demographics.

<p>Descriptive Statistics of the Participants’ Demographics.</p

Estimated Justice Evaluations across the Conditions.

<p>Estimated Justice Evaluations across the Conditions.</p

Manipulation Schedule of Conditions.

<p>Manipulation Schedule of Conditions.</p

Estimated Fixed Effects of the Manipulation and Interaction.

<p>Estimated Fixed Effects of the Manipulation and Interaction.</p

sj-docx-1-spq-10.1177_01902725221114141 – Supplemental material for Double Consciousness and Racial Status Beliefs

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-spq-10.1177_01902725221114141 for Double Consciousness and Racial Status Beliefs by Oneya Fennell Okuwobi, Bradley Montgomery and David Melamed in Social Psychology Quarterly</p

Regulation of FSC cell cycles and implications for stem cell flux.

The cartoon summary depicts three of the eight most posterior, layer 1 FSCs (right) and three of their six anterior layer 2 neighbors (left). Cells in the same layer experience the same signals and responses but each image highlights different responses. Cell cycle duration was measured in this study by live imaging with FUCCI reporters. It was much shorter (3.4-fold) for posterior FSCs (roughly 16h) than for anterior FSCs (roughly 54h). G1 (green) is very short in posterior FSCs. G1 was progressively longer in more anterior locations, culminating in anterior ECs (not shown), which were almost always in G1. This suggests a strong G1/S restriction in the anterior of the germarium that is gradually reduced towards the posterior. JAK-STAT signaling declines from posterior to anterior (red/orange shading) and was found to promote both G2/M transitions (blue gear; top row) and G1/S transitions (gold gear; second row), partly accounting for faster cycling of posterior FSCs. However, when JAK-STAT signaling was uniform, posterior FSCs still cycled much faster (2.5-fold) than anterior FSCs, indicating the presence of at least one other major spatially restricted cell cycle signal. Hh ligand (cyan arrows, third row) emanates from cells anterior (left) to FSCs and acts principally to stimulate G1/S transitions (gold gears) [17]. PI3K pathway activity (purple arrows) principally affects the G2/M transition (blue gears); the spatial origin or modulation of signals activating the PI3K pathway is not known. We speculate that the missing spatial signal may primarily restrict G1/S passage in more anterior cells (red “STOP” signal). The cell cycle wheel is rotated in row 3 for the diagrammatic convenience of showing all inputs clearly. The net result of the 3.4-fold faster cycling of posterior FSCs and the measured 16h cell cycle is that in each 12h egg chamber budding cycle, division of eight layer 1 FSCs suffices to produce the observed number of additional cells that become FCs (five to six), while anterior FSCs produce the previously measured output of ECs (one fourth that of FCs) [4]. FSCs were known to exchange layers but it was not known if this occurred principally or only in one direction [10]. Quantitative cell cycle measurements now predict an equal flow in each direction (paired reciprocal blue arrows). Live imaging of FSCs, aided by H2B-RFP labeling in this study, directly showed FSCs moving from layer 1 to layer 2, and vice versa.</p