The future of Caribbean sugar will depend on the region's capacity for cooperation

As CARICOM trade ministers meet to discuss the future of Caribbean sugar, David Jessop (Caribbean Council) argues that successful protection of the industry will require that the four exporting countries, their fractious sugar industries, and food and drink manufacturers jointly recognise the long-term benefits that could flow from integration

Caribbean 'Citizenship by Investment' is becoming a dangerous race to the bottom

Although Citizenship by Investment schemes showed early promise as a spur to national development, increasing competition in the region and beyond is creating a dangerous zero-sum game in which states try to offset declining income by further reducing pricing, writes David Jessop (Caribbean Council)

Information extraction from chemical patents

The automated extraction of semantic chemical data from the existing literature is demonstrated. For reasons of copyright, the work is focused on the patent literature, though the methods are expected to apply equally to other areas of the chemical literature. Hearst Patterns are applied to the patent literature in order to discover hyponymic relations describing chemical species. The acquired relations are manually validated to determine the precision of the determined hypernyms (85.0%) and of the asserted hyponymic relations (94.3%). It is demonstrated that the system acquires relations that are not present in the ChEBI ontology, suggesting that it could function as a valuable aid to the ChEBI curators. The relations discovered by this process are formalised using the Web Ontology Language (OWL) to enable re-use. PatentEye – an automated system for the extraction of reactions from chemical patents and their conversion to Chemical Markup Language (CML) – is presented. Chemical patents published by the European Patent Office over a ten-week period are used to demonstrate the capability of PatentEye – 4444 reactions are extracted with a precision of 78% and recall of 64% with regards to determining the identity and amount of reactants employed and an accuracy of 92% with regards to product identification. NMR spectra are extracted from the text using OSCAR3, which is developed to greatly increase recall. The resulting system is presented as a significant advancement towards the large-scale and automated extraction of high-quality reaction information. Extended Polymer Markup Language (EPML), a CML dialect for the description of Markush structures as they are presented in the literature, is developed. Software to exemplify and to enable substructure searching of EPML documents is presented. Further work is recommended to refine the language and code to publication-quality before they are presented to the community.Unileve

Engineering Polymer Informatics

The poster describes a strategy of for the development of polymer informatics. In particular, the development of polymer markup language, a polymer ontology and natural language processing tools for polymer literature

Youth Program Adult Leader\u27s Directive Assistance and Autonomy Support and Development of Adolescents’ Agency Capacity

Developing a capacity for exercising agency is an important developmental task of adolescence. Many organized youth programs provide adolescents opportunities to build their capacity to exercise agency. The researchers tested hypotheses that adult youth program leader\u27s directive assistance and autonomy support would promote adolescents’ capacity for agency. They surveyed 441 high school adolescents and 11 adult advisors from 10 Future Farmers of America chapters twice over 2 years. Adolescents self‐reported on their capacity for agency and advisors reported on each adolescent\u27s capacity. Directive assistance and autonomy support correlated with the capacity for agency within both time points. Only autonomy support predicted adolescents’ capacity for agency over time. Implications of leader\u27s support for adolescents’ capacity for exercising agency are discussed

Maximum velocities in flexion and extension actions for sport

Speed of movement is fundamental to the outcome of many human actions. A variety of techniques can be implemented in order to maximise movement speed depending on the goal of the movement, constraints, and the time available. Knowing maximum movement velocities is therefore useful for developing movement strategies but also as input into muscle models. The aim of this study was to determine maximum flexion and extension velocities about the major joints in upper and lower limbs. Seven university to international level male competitors performed flexion/extension at each of the major joints in the upper and lower limbs under three conditions: isolated; isolated with a countermovement; involvement of proximal segments. 500 Hz planar high speed video was used to calculate velocities. The highest angular velocities in the upper and lower limb were 50.0 rad·s-1 and 28.4 rad·s-1, at the wrist and knee, respectively. As was true for most joints, these were achieved with the involvement of proximal segments, however, ANOVA analysis showed few significant differences (p<0.05) between conditions. Different segment masses, structures and locations produced differing results, in the upper and lower limbs, highlighting the requirement of segment specific strategies for maximal movements

Le rôle de l'intégration vestibulo-visuelle au sein du contrôle postural debout

Lors de ce projet de maîtrise, la contribution de l’intégration de l’information visuelle et vestibulaire sur le contrôle postural debout a été investiguée chez une population jeune et saine. Huit sujets (4 hommes; 4 femmes) furent soumis à diverses combinaisons de stimulation vestibulaire galvanique (SVG) et de stimulation optocinétique (rotation d’un nuage de point dans le plan frontal; SOC) impliquant 2 conditions visuelles (vision non-perturbée, nO; SOC droite, OS) et à 3 conditions vestibulaires (absence de stimulation, nG; SVG droite, GR; SVG gauche, GL). Ainsi, les 6 conditions expérimentales furent: absence de stimulation sensorielle (nG_nO), stimulation sensorielle indépendante (nG_OS, GR_nO and GL_nO) et combinée (GR_OS and GL_OS). Les mouvements angulaires de la tête et du tronc ainsi que du centre de pression (CoP) furent principalement évalués. Lors des conditions indépendantes de SVG (GR_nO et GL_nO), les résultats démontrent un déplacement de la tête, du tronc et du CoP en direction de l’anode. La nG_OS entraîne un déplacement angulaire comparable de la tête et du tronc vers la droite. La somme algébrique des réponses aux stimulations indépendantes (nG_OS et GR_nO) n’était pas significativement différente des résultats des stimulations combinées dans la même direction. Par ailleurs, la somme algébrique des stimulations nG_OS et GL_nO ne différait pas des stimulations combinées (GL_OS) ou de l’absence de stimulation (nG_nO). Finalement, les stimulations vestibulaires et visuelles ont entraîné une réponse posturale différente au niveau du CoP et les informations vestibulaires et visuelles semblent s’additionner de façon linéaire

Computer simulation of the sprint start

The aim of this project was to investigate the mechanics of the sprint start through the use of computer simulation. Experimental data was collected on one male athlete in accordance with a procedure agreed by Loughborough University Ethical Advisory Committee. The data provided subject specific data for the creation of a four and fourteen segment, angle and torque driven models of the sprint start. The models simulated the start from the moment of onset of force production until takeoff from the starting block. The four segment model comprised a head and trunk, thigh, shank and foot whilst the fourteen segment model also included a lower spine and pelvis, upper arms, forearms and hands, as well as the other leg including two segment feet. Subject specific torque data was combined with EMG data to provide input to the torque models Results from the four segment angle driven model demonstrated that the participant will benefit from using smaller joint angles than usual in the set position as this resulted in increased velocity on takeoff with minimal increase in movement time. The model also showed large joint torques during such starts and so suggested that this is likely to limit start performance. The four segment torque driven model also revealed that optimal joint angles exist for the hip and knee but such a result was not clear for the ankle. For this model the optimum angle at the hip was 73 (the smallest tested) and 108 at the knee which was the athlete's usual angle. Increasing the athlete's strength parameters resulted in a small increase in horizontal velocity on takeoff for some simulations and all simulations had enhanced acceleration. Increasing initial muscle activations didn't increase horizontal takeoff velocity but did also increase horizontal acceleration. The fourteen segment angle driven model was used to optimise spring parameters for input into a torque driven model. The fourteen segment torque driven model simulated movements and forces realistically but an adequate match was not found to the sprint start performance of the participant due to long simulation times and lack of computing power.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Mining chemical information from Open patents

RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are.Abstract Linked Open Data presents an opportunity to vastly improve the quality of science in all fields by increasing the availability and usability of the data upon which it is based. In the chemical field, there is a huge amount of information available in the published literature, the vast majority of which is not available in machine-understandable formats. PatentEye, a prototype system for the extraction and semantification of chemical reactions from the patent literature has been implemented and is discussed. A total of 4444 reactions were extracted from 667 patent documents that comprised 10 weeks' worth of publications from the European Patent Office (EPO), with a precision of 78% and recall of 64% with regards to determining the identity and amount of reactants employed and an accuracy of 92% with regards to product identification. NMR spectra reported as product characterisation data are additionally captured.Peer Reviewe