Monochromatic cycle partitions in local edge colourings

An edge colouring of a graph is said to be an $r$-local colouring if the edges incident to any vertex are coloured with at most $r$ colours. Generalising a result of Bessy and Thomass\'e, we prove that the vertex set of any $2$-locally coloured complete graph may be partitioned into two disjoint monochromatic cycles of different colours. Moreover, for any natural number $r$, we show that the vertex set of any $r$-locally coloured complete graph may be partitioned into $O(r^2 \log r)$ disjoint monochromatic cycles. This generalises a result of Erd\H{o}s, Gy\'arf\'as and Pyber.Comment: 10 page

Does Industrialization = "Development"? The Effects of Industrialization on School Enrollment and Youth Employment in Indonesia

This study examines the relationship between rising manufacturing employment and school enrollment in Indonesia from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. In comparison with cross- national studies, this study has a larger sample size of regions, defines data more consistently, and conducts better checks for causality and specification. Overall, enrollment is slightly higher and youth labor force participation slightly lower in regions with more manufacturing. The causal links between manufacturing and enrollments remain unclear. At the household level, employment of adult females in manufacturing is associated with lower enrollment, higher labor force participation, and more household responsibilities for female youth.

Industrialization and Infant Mortality

On average, infant mortality rates are lower in more industrialized nations, yet health and mortality worsened during early industrialization in some nations. This study examines the effects of growing manufacturing employment on infant mortality across 274 Indonesian districts from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. Compared with cross-national studies we have a larger sample size of regions, more consistent data definitions, and better checks for causality and specification. We can also explore the causal mechanisms underlying our correlations. Overall the results suggest manufacturing employment raised living standards, housing quality, and reduced cooking with wood and coal, which helped reduce infant mortality. At the same time, pollution from factories appears quite harmful to infants. The overall effect was slightly higher infant mortality in regions that experienced greater industrialization.Industrialization, infant mortality, Indonesia, pollution, indoor air pollution

A Variant of the Erd\H{o}s-S\'os Conjecture

A well-known conjecture of Erd\H{o}s and S\'os states that every graph with average degree exceeding $m-1$ contains every tree with $m$ edges as a subgraph. We propose a variant of this conjecture, which states that every graph of maximum degree exceeding $m$ and minimum degree at least $\lfloor \frac{2m}{3}\rfloor$ contains every tree with $m$ edges. As evidence for our conjecture we show (i) for every $m$ there is a $g(m)$ such that the weakening of the conjecture obtained by replacing $m$ by $g(m)$ holds, and (ii) there is a $\gamma>0$ such that the weakening of the conjecture obtained by replacing $\lfloor \frac{2m}{3}\rfloor$ by $(1-\gamma)m$ holds

Sindskojezični Hindi u Londonu − očuvanje jezika ill jezični pomak

The linguistic situation of the Sindhi language in London is examined with a view to determining whether the community is maintaining the use of its ethnic language. The Sindhi Hindus of London are a language community, which have never been researched. The language choice of the community in different domains and for a range of language functions is discussed. Both external and internal factors of language shift have weakened the linguistic and communicative competence of Sindhi speakers in the language contact situation of the United Kingdom.Etničke studije pokazuju da neke manjinske zajednice skreću prema jeziku zemlje primitka, ali se sve ne odmiču od svoga etničkog jezika. Londonski sindskojezični Hindi manjinska su jezična zajednica koju se dosad još nije istraživalo. Lingvistička situacija sindskog jezika u Londonu istražuje se s ciljem da se ustanovi je li ta manjinska zajednica sačuvala svoj etnički jezik i koliko se njime služi. Jezični pomak mjeri se usporedbama u izbom jezika triju naraštaja. Metodologija koja se koristila za određivanje dominantnog jezika u privatnom i javnom okruženju sastojala se od anketnih upitnika sa 73 pitanja, intervjua i opažanja anketiranih o opsegu govornih aktivnosti i događanja. Upitnik je dan svakom članu pet sindskih kućanstava na području Ilforda kako bi se dobila sveobuhvatna slika jezičnih izbora različitih članova obitelji, a intervjui sa starijim članovima obitelji trebali su oslikati povijest njihove zajednice. Osim toga, kako bi se odredilo njihovo znanje, postavljenje zadatak u kojem se od triju naraštaja jedne obitelji tražilo da na engleskom jeziku ponove istu šalu. Analizirani su jezični izbori zajednice kod kuće, na poslu i u području religije, kao i u međuetničkome međusobnom djelovanju. Raspravlja se o funkcijama sindskog jezika kada se on upotrebljava u razgovoru s miješanim kodovima. Milroy (1987) tvrdi da zatvorene i guste mreže pridonose održavanju etničkih jezika. Međutim, iako je dokazano da u londonskoj sindskojezičnoj zajednici postoje guste društvene mreže, one ne pomažu očuvanju uporabe sindskog jezika. Štoviše, brakovi sa sindskim ženama iz Indije nemaju nužno za posljedicu očuvanje jezika. Ispitivanje stavova zajednice prema sindskome i engleskome, temeljeno na preferenciji, uporabi jezika i podacima koje je sama zajednica dala o sebi, otkriva pragmatičan stav prema izboru jezika. Engleski se smatra jezikom većeg djelovanja. Kuća (dom) također nije pogodno područje za očuvanje jezika jer se stariji članovi zajednice jezično prilagođavaju mlađima i voljni su prihvatiti nerecipročne jezične odgovore. Međutim, sindski se može dulje održati u sferi posla zbog svoje funkcije privatnoga, ekskluzivnog jezika. I vanjski i unutarnji čimbenici jezičnog pomaka oslabili su jezičnu i komunikativnu kompetenciju govornika sindskoga u jezičnoj situaciji kontakta u Velikoj Britaniji. Izgleda da toj zajednici nije potreban distinktivan jezik za očuvanje osjećaja pripadnosti zajednici.Les études sur les groupes ethniques montrent que certaines communautés minoritaires se tournent vers la langue du pays de résidence, mais que toutes ne s\u27éloignent pas de leur langue ethnique. Les Hindous sindis de Londres sont une communauté linguistique minoritaire qui jusqu\u27á present n\u27avait fait l\u27objet d\u27aucune recherche. La situation linguistique de la langue sindi a Londres est ici étudiée afin de détenniner si cette communauté a conserve sa langue ethnique et dans quelle mesure elle l\u27utilise. Le décalage linguistique se mesure par comparaisons au vu des choix de langue effectués par trois generations. Pour déterminer la langue dominante en privé et en public, on a élabore un questionnaire de 73 questions et réuni les interviews et observations des personnes interrogées sur la portée de leurs activités et actes langagiers. Le questionnaire a été soumis à chaque membre de cinq foyers sindis dans le quartier de Ilford, afin d\u27obtenir un tableau assez complet des choix linguistiques de chacun, et les interviews des membres plus âgés des familles devaient brosser l\u27histoire de leur communauté. En outre, afin de déterminer leur compétence linguistique, il a été demandé aux trois générations d\u27une même famille de répéter une même blague en anglais. On a analysé les choix linguistiques de la communauté à la maison, au travail et dans le domaine de la religion, ainsi que dans les activités au sein de l\u27ethnie. L\u27article étudie les fonctions de la langue sindi quand elle est utilisée dans une conversation à codes mixtes. Milroy (1987) affirme que les réseaux fermés et denses contribuent au maintien des langues ethniques. Cependant, bien qu\u27il soit prouvé que la communauté sindi londonienne possède des réseaux sociaux denses, ces derniers ne contribuent pas au maintien de l\u27emploi de la langue sindi. Qui plus est, même dans les couples dont l\u27épouse est une Sindi venue d\u27Inde, la sauvegarde de la langue n\u27est pas nécessairement assurée. L\u27étude des positions de la communauté envers le sin di et l\u27anglais à partir des préférences quant à leur utilisation et des données que la communauté donne sur elle-même, dévoile l\u27attitude pragmatique de ses membres vis-à-vis du choix de la langue. L\u27anglais est considéré comme une langue à plus grande efficacité. Le foyer n\u27offre pas un milieu forcément propice à la sauvegarde de la langue, car les membres plus âgés de la communauté s\u27adaptent linguistiquement aux plus jeunes et acceptent de recevoir des réponses dans l\u27autre langue. Cependant, le sindi peut se maintenir plus longtemps dans la sphère du travail en raison de sa fonction de langue privée, exclusive. Les facteurs externes et intemes de décalage linguistique ont affaibli la compétence linguistique et communicative des locuteurs du sindi dans le contact linguistique avec la Grande-Bretagne. Il semble que cette communauté n\u27a pas besoin d\u27une langue distincte pour maintenir son sentiment d\u27appartenance à son ethnie

CULTURAL CAPSULES AND READING TEXTS: TRIGGERS TO CROSS-CULTURAL LANGUAGE AWARENESS

The use of English in the international setting is based on cultural presuppositions about the kinds of language performance that are appropriate or specific situations. Culture capsules are useful teaching techniques to teach English, as learners would be able to bring in their own cultural insights into learning the pragmatics of English through the various combinations of word choice, prosodic and paralinguistic features. This paper will provide examples of capsules which focus on a range of speech acts (greetings, directives, requests, etc) and demonstrate how they can be used as a stimulus to cross-cultural language awareness