The City’s Second Amendment

Cities are increasingly common sites of contestation over the scope and meaning of the Second Amendment. Some municipalities have announced their opposition to firearm restrictions by declaring themselves Second Amendment sanctuaries. Others have sought to curtail gun violence by passing restrictive local regulations. Still others have responded to police violence by moving to demilitarize, disarm, or even disband their police forces. The burgeoning post-Heller legal literature, though, has largely overlooked the relationship between cities, collective arms bearing, and the Second Amendment. In sum, to what extent do cities themselves have a right to keep and bear arms? This Article tackles that question. The Article contests the proposition that cities are bereft of constitutional rights in general, or against their states in particular. The Article challenges this notion by showing that the constitutional invisibility of municipal corporations is rooted in an outdated notion of the city as an artificial entity. The Article then turns to the Second Amendment, questioning the conventional wisdom that it provides solely a libertarian, individual bulwark against state restriction. The Article shows that in fact the right to keep and bear arms has an important collective dimension that promotes safety, and that the city is historically and institutionally situated to advance this Second Amendment feature. Finally, the Article examines how these two insights operate in practice, first by outlining the substantive contours of the city’s Second Amendment, and then by applying the model to contemporary controversies in firearm regulation such as guns in schools, concealed carry, Second Amendment sanctuaries, and the federal Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act. In addition to advancing the novel claim that cities themselves may assert rights to keep and bear arms, the Article also adds to the growing literature on municipal constitutional rights and the institutional framing of the Second Amendment in a post-Heller world

Prospectus, March 29, 1977

SECOND YEAR AS REGIONAL CHAMPS: PC SPEECH TEAM QUALIFIES FOR NATIONALS; Rain, ice storm cause Flashing lights, false fire; 3 candidates petition for PC trustees election; Computers mix-up, issue wrong mid-term grades; Staff editorial: Proposed jail facility deemed necessary; Staff opinion: County jail: Nice place to visit, but...; Letter to the Editor: Election April 9th; Instructor to visit Chile; Sugar Creek trip offered; Workshop starts Mon.; Levi created more than just jeans; Community college awards: Prospectus cited for excellence; To benefit retarded citizens: Dance raises $77,628; Classifieds; Visions of Nationals?: Track season opens Apr. 6; Debate Team attends tourney; Economical recipes offered; 8-2 mark: Pitching helps Cobra extend streak; Women begin season I.C.C., Lincoln Trail 1st; Women\u27s Softball Schedule Additional material: Edition 2 of the Parkland literary magazinehttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1977/1022/thumbnail.jp

A 275–425-GHz Tunerless Waveguide Receiver Based on AlN-Barrier SIS Technology

We report on a 275–425-GHz tunerless waveguide receiver with a 3.5–8-GHz IF. As the mixing element, we employ a high-current-density Nb–AlN–Nb superconducting–insulating– superconducting (SIS) tunnel junction. Thanks to the combined use of AlN-barrier SIS technology and a broad bandwidth waveguide to thin-film microstrip transition, we are able to achieve an unprecedented 43% instantaneous bandwidth, limited by the receiver's corrugated feedhorn. The measured double-sideband (DSB) receiver noise temperature, uncorrected for optics loss, ranges from 55 K at 275 GHz, 48 K at 345 GHz, to 72 K at 425 GHz. In this frequency range, the mixer has a DSB conversion loss of 2.3 1 dB. The intrinsic mixer noise is found to vary between 17–19 K, of which 9 K is attributed to shot noise associated with leakage current below the gap. To improve reliability, the IF circuit and bias injection are entirely planar by design. The instrument was successfully installed at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO), Mauna Kea, HI, in October 2006

Stabilized HME composition with small drug particles

A hot-melt extruded composition having finely divided drug-containing particles dispersed within a polymeric and/or lipophyllic carrier matrix is provided. The carrier softens or melts during hot-melt extrusion but it does not dissolve the drug-containing particles during extrusion. As a result, a majority or at least 90% wt. of the drug-containing particles in the extrudate are deaggregated during extrusion into essentially primary crystalline and/or amorphous particles. PEO is a suitable carrier material for drugs insoluble in the solid state in this carrier. Various functional excipients can be included in the carrier system to stabilize the particle size and physical state of the drug substance in either a crystalline and/or amorphous state. The carrier system is comprised of at least one thermal binder, and may also contain various functional excipients, such as: super-disintegrants, antioxidants, surfactants, wetting agents, stabilizing agents, retardants, or similar functional excipients. A hydrophilic polymer, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E15), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), or poloxamer, and/or a surfactant, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), can be included in the composition. A process for preparing the extrudate is conducted at a temperature approximating or above the softening or melting temperature of the matrix and below the point of solubilization of drug-containing particles in the carrier system, and below the recrystallization point in the case of amorphous fine drug particles.Board of Regents, University of Texas Syste

Formulating a heat- and shear-labile drug in an amorphous solid dispersion: Balancing drug degradation and crystallinity.

We seek to further addresss the questions posed by Moseson et al. regarding whether any residual crystal level, size, or characteristic is acceptable in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) such that its stability, enhanced dissolution, and increased bioavailability are not compromised. To address this highly relevant question, we study an interesting heat- and shear-labile drug in development, LY3009120. To study the effects of residual crystallinity and degradation in ASDs, we prepared three compositionally identical formulations (57-1, 59-4, and 59-5) using the KinetiSol process under various processing conditions to obtain samples with various levels of crystallinity (2.3%, 0.9%, and 0.1%, respectively) and degradation products (0.74%, 1.97%, and 3.12%, respectively). Samples with less than 1% crystallinity were placed on stability, and we observed no measurable change in the drug's crystallinity, dissolution profile or purity in the 59-4 and 59-5 formulations over four months of storage under closed conditions at 25 °C and 60% humidity. For formulations 57-1, 59-4, and 59-5, bioavailability studies in rats reveal a 44-fold, 55-fold, and 62-fold increase in mean AUC, respectively, compared to the physical mixture. This suggests that the presence of some residual crystals after processing can be acceptable and will not change the properties of the ASD over time

Prospectus, October 19, 1976

PROBLEMS OF HANDICAPPED ARE STUDENT GOVERNMENT TOPIC; Student Government days are night time success: Reid; PC news in brief: It\u27s debatable, Turkeys!!!, Bahai Club, Attention Bridge players, Faculty Wives\u27 Auction; Deadline Dec. 3: File \u27Petition to graduate\u27 soon; Blazing saddles; Fella: Shots don\u27t kill: Fifty year history of swine flu; 68% support Pins; What about handicapped?; Staff editorial: Ford & Carter flip & flop; Chicago Poets read; Memories of fall; Neal explains \u27open door\u27; Nursing Managmnt. seminar to stress leadership skills; Health related carreers: Respiratory therapy is new health field; Illini Figure Skaters offer training and membership; White Cane Safety Day: Blind leading the blind PC reality on Cane Day; Dallas gets accomplishment, canvas burns, and sore neck ; Autumn Harvest \u27It\u27s hard to keep up\u27; Uncle Bob: PC plays cast; Symphony Choral: This week at Krannert Center; Skylines: Watching the night skies; Thursday college forums; Mark Twain opens 1st; Correction; Classifieds; PC Spikers defeat Danville, Joliet; PC hosts Cross Country meet; Bystanders are eleventh; Haunted House; Uee Beasties topple Ted\u27s; 3-D\u27s & Nine gaining; Cobras run \u27toughest course\u27; Bowling & Bridge tourneys still open to students; Mudrock 11 Cobras 15 in invit.; Spikers 5-0 after LLJC; Hunting sympos. set for Nov. 2; Zettler is two-timer; Fast Freddy\u27s Football Forecast; Games of October 23https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1976/1007/thumbnail.jp

Thermo-kinetic mixing for pharmaceutical applications

Compositions and methods for making a pharmaceutical dosage form include making a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients by thermokinetic compounding into a composite. Compositions and methods of preprocessing a composite comprising one or more APIs with one or more excipients include thermokinetic compounding, comprising thermokinetic processing the APIs with the excipients into a composite, wherein the composite can be further processed by conventional methods known in the art, such as hot melt extrusion, melt granulation, compression molding, tablet compression, capsule filling, film-coating, or injection molding.Board of Regents, University of Texas Syste