The Interplay between Urban Development Patterns and Vulnerability to Flood Risk in Kisumu City, Kenya

Flooding is becoming a predominantly urban event in recent times. However, the reason why urban areas are becoming places of flood risk has not been clearly understood. Even though past studies had explained the flood risk as a function of the natural and physical environment, more recent studies are now attributing the escalation of urban flood risk to the overall patterns of these areas. Different urban development processes yield dissimilar urban patterns, but how these disparate urban patterns within the same town configure flood risk has not been fully explored. This study attempts to fill this research gap and explores how development processes create urban spatial patterns and further examine how such patterns shape flood risk in Kisumu city. Keywords: Urban development, spatial patterns, flood risk

Investigation of Silali Basin as an Extra-Terrestrial Impact Crater (ETIC) Using Remote Sensing

For years, extra-terrestrial impact cratering was esoteric. However, impacts have become very important, mainly because they have been identified as the likely immediate cause of dinosaur extinction. Impact cratering by extra-terrestrial bodies including asteroids comets and meteorites is an important geologic process, not only for the minerals that it forms, but also because of the knowledge that it is dangerous to mankind and life on earth. There is also the fact that extra-terrestrial impact crater building is a continuous process that may be going on even this very minute, somewhere in the universe. Consequently, the earth, just like other members of the solar system is targeted by extra-terrestrial falling objects. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of impact cratering on Kenya’s environment, with focus on Silali basin. Silali basin is a depression that is found to the north of Lake Baringo; around Kapedo town. It is suspected to be an Extra –Terrestrial Impact Crater (ETIC). One objective of the study was to map out and characterize the Silali basin and provide evidence on the nature of its formation. To attain this objective, remote sensing was utilized to map the Silali basin. Satellite images were used to identify the nature of the crater and characterize it, since most large terrestrial impact craters are not identifiable from the surface of the earth. The images provided critical information that was used to map out the morphological aspects of the crater, some of which have long been buried by forces of denudation, together with tectonic and anthropogenic forces. Analysis of satellite images and ground pictures were supplemented by other research methods, including interviews, observation and sampling of various rocks. Information gathered has been presented in the form of analyzed satellite images, ground pictures, tables, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), cross sections, aerial photographs, maps and discussions. This study has characterized the Silali basin as a possible ETIC and explained the nature of its formation. Key words : basin, plate, cratons, meteorite and target rocks