Détermination des effets de l'administration des probiotiques sur l'attachement d'Escherichia Coli Entérotoxinogène F4 et l'expression de cytokines chez le porcelet sevré

Les diarrhées post-sevrages causées par des infections à Escherichia coli entérotoxinogène positif pour le fimbriae F4 (ETEC F4), entraînent des pertes économiques importantes chez les producteurs de porc. Depuis quelques années, l’utilisation de probiotiques, comme additif alimentaire pour prévenir ce type d’infection entérique et réduire les traitements aux antimicrobiens, suscite un intérêt grandissant en production porcine. Le but du présent travail est de déterminer l’influence de l’administration des probiotiques Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) et Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB) sur la colonisation et l’attachement des ETEC F4, l’accumulation de fluide intestinal et l’expression de cytokines dans l’iléon de porcelets sevrés. Dès la naissance, différentes portées de porcelets ont été affectées aux traitements suivants : PA, SCB, PA + SCB, témoin et témoin avec antibiotiques (ATB). Une dose quotidienne de probiotiques (1 × 109 UFC) a été administrée aux porcelets des groupes probiotiques durant la lactation et après le sevrage. Sept jours après le sevrage, à 28 jours d’âge, des porcelets positifs pour le récepteur intestinal spécifique pour F4 ont été infectés oralement avec une souche ETEC F4. Les porcelets ont été euthanasiés 24 heures après l’infection (jour 29) et différents échantillons intestinaux ont été prélevés. Chez les porcelets recevant des probiotiques, l’attachement des ETEC F4 à la muqueuse iléale était significativement diminué chez les groupes PA ou SCB en comparaison avec le groupe ATB. Finalement, l’expression de cytokines intestinales était plus élevée chez les porcs du groupe PA + SCB en comparaison avec les porcelets témoins. En conclusion, les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que l’administration de probiotiques pourrait être une alternative pour limiter les infections à ETEC F4 chez le porc.Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) associated with F4-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4) causes important economic losses in swine production. Since a couple of years, the use of probiotics as feed additives to prevent such enteric infections and reduce the use of antimicrobial treatments, has gained in interest. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB), on ETEC F4 colonization and attachment, accumulation of intestinal fluid and cytokines expression in weaned pig’s ileum. At birth, different litters of pigs were allocated to the following treatments: PA, SCB, PA + SCB, control (CTRL) and control with antibiotics (ATB). Probiotics (1 × 109 CFU) were administered daily to probiotics group during the lactation period and after weaning. One week after weaning, at 28 days of age, all F4-receptor-positive pigs were orally challenged with an ETEC F4 strain. Pigs were slaughter 24 hours later (day 29) and different intestinal samples were collected. In pigs treated with PA or SCB, the attachment of ETEC F4 to the ileal mucosa was significantly reduced in comparison with the ATB group. Finally, intestinal cytokines were upregulated in PA + SCB group in comparison with the CTRL group. In conclusion, these results suggest that administration of probiotics could be an alternative to attenuate ETEC F4 infection in pigs

Administration of probiotics influences F4 (K88)-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli attachment and intestinal cytokine expression in weaned pigs

This study evaluated the effect of the probiotics Pediococcus acidilactici and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii on the intestinal colonization of O149 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli harbouring the F4 (K88) fimbriae (ETEC F4) and on the expression of ileal cytokines in weaned pigs. At birth, different litters of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control without antibiotics or probiotics (CTRL); 2) reference group in which chlortetracycline and tiamulin were added to weanling feed (ATB); 3) P. acidilactici; 4) S. cerevisiae boulardii; or 5) P. acidilactici + S. cerevisiae boulardii. Probiotics were administered daily (1 × 109 CFU per pig) during the lactation period and after weaning (day 21). At 28 days of age, all pigs were orally challenged with an ETEC F4 strain, and a necropsy was performed 24 h later. Intestinal segments were collected to evaluate bacterial colonization in the small intestine and ileal cytokine expressions. Attachment of ETEC F4 to the intestinal mucosa was significantly reduced in pigs treated with P. acidilactici or S. cerevisiae boulardii in comparison with the ATB group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). In addition, proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, were upregulated in ETEC F4 challenged pigs treated with P. acidilactici alone or in combination with S. cerevisiae boulardii compared with the CTRL group. In conclusion, the administration of P. acidilactici or S. cerevisiae boulardii was effective in reducing ETEC F4 attachment to the ileal mucosa, whereas the presence of P. acidilactici was required to modulate the expression of intestinal inflammatory cytokines in pigs challenged with ETEC F4

CD40-Activated B Cells Can Efficiently Prime Antigen-Specific Naïve CD8+ T Cells to Generate Effector but Not Memory T cells

Background: The identification of the signals that should be provided by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce a CD8 + T cell response in vivo is essential to improve vaccination strategies using antigen-loaded APCs. Although dendritic cells have been extensively studied, the ability of other APC types, such as B cells, to induce a CD8 + T cell response have not been thoroughly evaluated. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this manuscript, we have characterized the ability of CD40-activated B cells, stimulated or not with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (CpG or lipopolysaccharide) to induce the response of mouse naïve CD8 + T cells in vivo. Our results show that CD40-activated B cells can directly present antigen to naïve CD8 + T cells to induce the generation of potent effectors able to secrete cytokines, kill target cells and control a Listeria monocytogenes infection. However, CD40-activated B cell immunization did not lead to the proper formation of CD8 + memory T cells and further maturation of CD40-activated B cells with TLR agonists did not promote the development of CD8 + memory T cells. Our results also suggest that inefficient generation of CD8 + memory T cells with CD40-activated B cell immunization is a consequence of reduced Bcl-6 expression by effectors and enhanced contraction of the CD8 + T cell response. Conclusions: Understanding why CD40-activated B cell immunization is defective for the generation of memory T cells and gaining new insights about signals that should be provided by APCs are key steps before translating the use of CD40-B cel

IL-6 Production by Dendritic Cells Is Dispensable for CD8+ Memory T-Cell Generation

Following activation, naïve CD8+ T cells will differentiate into effectors that differ in their ability to survive: some will persist as memory cells while the majority will die by apoptosis. Signals given by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the time of priming modulate this differential outcome. We have recently shown that, in opposition to dendritic cell (DC), CD40-activated B-(CD40-B) cell vaccination fails to efficiently produce CD8+ memory T cells. Understanding why CD40-B-cell vaccination does not lead to the generation of functional long-lived memory cells is essential to define the signals that should be provided to naïve T cells by APCs. Here we show that CD40-B cells produce very low amount of IL-6 when compared to DCs. However, supplementation with IL-6 during CD40-B-cell vaccination did not improve memory generation. Furthermore, IL-6-deficient DCs maintained the capacity to promote the formation of functional CD8+ effectors and memory cells. Our results suggest that in APC vaccination models, IL-6 provided by the APCs is dispensable for proper CD8+ T-cell memory generation

Nanoparticle adjuvant sensing by TLR7 enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated protection from Listeria monocytogenes infection.

International audienceDeveloping new adjuvants and vaccination strategies is of paramount importance to successfully fight against many life-threatening infectious diseases and cancer. Very few adjuvants are currently authorized for human use, and these mainly stimulate a humoral response. However, specific Abs are not sufficient to confer protection against persisting infections or cancer. Therefore, development of adjuvants and immunomodulators able to enhance cell-mediated immune responses represents a major medical need. We recently showed that papaya mosaic virus nanoparticles (PapMV), self-assembled from the coat protein of a plant virus and a noncoding ssRNA molecule, are highly immunogenic in mice. PapMV can be used either as a vaccine delivery platform, through fusion of various epitopes to the coat protein or as adjuvant to enhance humoral immune responses against coadministered Ags or vaccines. However, the mechanisms that confer these immunomodulatory properties to PapMV and its ability to enhance T cell vaccines remain unknown. Using immunization studies in mice, we demonstrate in this paper that PapMV represents a novel TLR7 agonist with strong immunostimulatory properties. More importantly, pretreatment with PapMV significantly improves effector and memory CD8(+) T cell responses generated through dendritic cell vaccination increasing protection against a Listeria monocytogenes challenge

Dok-1 and Dok-2 Regulate the Formation of Memory CD8 + T Cells

International audienceDiverse signals received by CD8+ T cells are integrated to achieve the required magnitude of cell expansion and the appropriate balance of effector/memory CD8+ T cell generation. Notably, the strength and nature of TCR signaling influence the differentiation and functional capacity of effector and memory CD8+ T cells. Dok-1 and Dok-2, the two members of the Dok family expressed in T cells, negatively regulate TCR signaling in vitro. However, the role of Dok proteins in modulating T cell function in vivo has not yet studied. We studied the function of Dok-1 and Dok-2 proteins in the regulation of the CD8+ T cell response to vaccinia virus infection. Comparison of responses to vaccinia virus expressing OVA peptide SIINFEKL by wild-type and Dok-1/2−/− CD8+ OT-I cells showed that the absence of Dok-1 and Dok-2 slightly reduced the magnitude of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cell expansion. This was not due to reduced proliferation or enhanced apoptosis of effector CD8+ T cells. Dok-1/2–deficient effector CD8+ T cells showed increased cell surface TCR expression following virus infection in vivo and increased expression of granzyme B and TNF upon stimulation with peptide Ag ex vivo. Finally, Dok-1/2–deficient effector CD8+ T had a severe defect in survival that resulted in impaired generation of memory CD8+ T cells. These results reveal the critical involvement of Dok-1 and Dok-2 in a negative-feedback loop that prevents overactivation of CD8+ T cells and promotes memory formation

Immunization with CD40-B cells induces an <i>in vivo</i> CD8⁺ T cell response.

<p>A. CD40-B cell vaccination generates CD8⁺ Te cells but not Tm cells. 10⁶ female OT-1 T cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺) were adoptively transferred into congenic B6SJL female mice (CD45.1⁺) followed by immunization two days later with 2×10⁶ CD40-B cells, matured or not with LPS (1 µg/mL) or CpG (2 mM) and loaded with 4 µg/mL OVA or with an irrelevant peptide (IRR). As a reference recipients were immunized with 2×10⁶ DCs matured with LPS and loaded with OVA peptide. OVA-specific T cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺) were analyzed in the same mouse by surgical removal of superficial lymph nodes at d4 (effector) and d30–45 (memory) post-immunization. Te and Tm cells were identified as CD8⁺CD45.2⁺ by flow cytometry. The percentage of Te and Tm cells generated are indicated on each dot plot. B. Percentage of CD8⁺ Te (left panel) and Tm (right panel) cells recovered at d4 (Te) and d>30 (Tm) in one lymph node is shown. C. Yield of CD8⁺ Tm cell generation. The yield of Tm cell formation was calculated as the percentage of Te cells that develop into Tm cells. D. The percentage of mice that generates more then 5% of CD8⁺ Tm cells is shown for the different immunization conditions. E and F. Lm challenges. 30 d post immunization, mice were challenged with a lethal dose of Lm-OVA (10⁵ CFU). 3 d post challenged, CFU were determined in the spleen (E) and liver (F) for each mouse. A–D are from at least four independent experiments with at least two mice per group while E and F are from one independent experiment with three mice per group. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001.</p

CD40-B cell immunization generates effectors expressing similar level of T-bet and Blimp-1, higher level of Eomes and lower amount of Bcl-6.

<p>A. Expression of T-bet, Eomes and Bcl-6 by CD8⁺ Te cells generated following CD40-B cell and DC immunizations. Four days post-immunization with 2×10⁶ CD40-B cells or DCs matured with LPS and loaded with the OVA peptide, Te cells were stained intracellularily with antibodies against T-bet, Eomes and Bcl-6 transcription factors. The representative overlay histogram shows expression of the transcription factor by endogenous T cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁻) and OVA-specific Te cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺). The MFI is shown on each overlay, the upper bold number indicates the MFI of OVA-specific effectors (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺) while the lower number is for the endogenous population (CD8⁺CD45.2⁻). B. Quantification of the level of expression of T-bet, Eomes and Bcl-6. The histograms shows the MFI of expression for T-bet, Eomes and Bcl-6 by OVA-specific CD8⁺ Te cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺) normalized to the MFI of endogenous CD8⁺ T cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁻). The results are from at least 2 independent experiments. C. Similar expression of Blimp-1 by OVA-specific Te cells following CD40-B cell or DC immunization. At the peak of the response (d4), Te cells were sorted (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺) from spleen to extract RNA. The relative expression of Blimp-1 was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression relative to a reference sample is shown. Results are from 4 independent experiments. * p<0.05 and *** p<0.001.</p