Determinants of business and personal services: Evidence from West-German regions

In the Employment Guidelines for the year 2000, the European Commission stressed the need to develop a policy framework in order to fully exploit the employment potential of the service sector. This concern is especially related to Germany for its massive service gap compared to Anglo-Saxon (United States, United Kingdom) and Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Sweden) in general, and in personal and business services in particular. The focus of this study is to understand the theoretical basis of the dynamic of employment growth in services and to identify especially the determinants that foster the growth of business services and the creation of jobs in personal services in Germany. The paper starts therefore with an extensive literature review on service employment with a particular focus on business and personal services and on the German debate. -- In den beschäftigungspolitischen Leitlinien der Europäischen Kommission für 2000 wird die Notwendigkeit zur Schaffung politischer Rahmenbedingungen für die volle Ausschöpfung des Beschäftigungspotentials des Dienstleistungssektors hervorgehoben. Gerade für Deutschland, wo im Vergleich zu den Vereinigten Staaten und Großbritannien, aber auch im Vergleich zu skandinavischen Staaten wie Dänemark und Schweden, eine erhebliche Dienstleistungslücke herrscht, ist diese Einschätzung der Europäischen Kommission von großer Relevanz. Die Dienstleistungslücke betrifft insbesondere die Bereiche der unternehmens- und personennahen Dienstleistungen. Im Zentrum der Studie stehen die theoretischen Grundlagen der Beschäftigungsdynamik im Dienstleistungssektor und die Identifizierung jener Faktoren, die speziell das Wachstum unternehmensnaher Dienstleistungen und die Arbeitsplatzschaffung im Bereich personennaher Dienstleistungen fördern. Die Studie beginnt deshalb mit einem ausführlichen Literaturüberblick zur Dienstleistungsbeschäftigung mit Schwerpunkt auf die deutsche Debatte.

Comparative Assessment of the Factors and Conditions of the Formation of the Neoindustrial Social State in Russia and Germany

Russia and Germany are traditionally reputed as countries with socially oriented economies. Namely, these countries are also close by the index of the share of real sector of economy at GDP. And however, Germany is a founder of social market household largely defined its leadership in world economy, in current conditions of crisis of “the state of general welfare” the search of a new model of development for Germany is also important as for Russia stood on the way of modernization and neo-industrialization. In the article, the hypothesis about forming of the new model of development uniting the social orientation of economy, processes of neoindustrialization, and globalization is made. At the same time, the social orientation is the main aim of socio-economic development, neo-industrialization is a way to achieve it, and globalization is a criterion presupposing more effective use of resources. Theoretical backgrounds of development of “social state” are generalized in the works of German and Russian classics put the backgrounds of economic humanism, it has allowed to prove the fatality of modernization process without considering of deep mental backgrounds and civilization codes of the nation development. The methodological approaches to development of a new model of neo-industrial social state with emphasizing different levels: global, national, local, individual are worked out; and the technique for estimation of factors and conditions of its development is proposed. The technique is tested on the example of Russia and Germany. The comparative analysis conducted has allowed to make the conclusion about similarity of target guidelines, initial conditions, problems and ways of their solving in these countries, that is to be considered both in a strategy and a policy of socio-economic development of these countries and by their international partnership

Large scale tunneling junctions for electrically driven plasmonics

This work focuses on the fabrication of light emitting tunneling junctions in planar configuration comprised of thin-film material stacks analog to metal-insulator-semiconductor plate capacitors. Electrical and structural properties are studied by different experimental techniques (current-voltage analysis, impedance spectroscopy) and compared to existing theories. Assessment of the junction quality is done in comparison to known features of electrically-driven plasmons, such as the bias dependent cut-off frequency, the dependency of the emission intensity on the tunneling current and tuneability of the spectra by implementation of different materials. Enhanced scattering and tuneability of light emission features from tunneling junctions by adsorption of chemically-synthesized nanoparticles is demonstrated and localization of the emission hot spots by correlation with measurements in external illumination and topography scans are discussed. Operational stability is increased by decoupling of the fabrication sub-steps, i.e. deposition of high quality thin-film stacks and chemical synthesis of particles with tailored optical properties. The role of nanoparticle geometry and material as hot spots in light emitting tunneling junctions is described and distinguished to reference experiments with external illumination. Emission instabilities in low-frequency regimes from hot spots with uncorrelated phases have been observed and are discussed. Potential transferability of electrically-driven plasmons to established detection schemes is demonstrated exemplary by mimicking a study of a plasmonic nanoruler. Additionally, a first proof-of-principle study on the emission from light emitting tunneling junctions in direct water immersion is described

Walter Eucken und der Staat: Zum Zusammenhang von wirtschaftlichem und politischem Liberalismus 1918 - 1934

Today we have a paradoxical situation in Germany's public debates on the order of society and economy. The absolute majority of all voters blame the state for a neoliberal economic and social policy, but the state gives up more and more ordnungspolitische ideas. If we look for causes for the refusal of the Freiburg School ordoliberal programme we can observe a very negative attitude towards the idea of a free and fair competition. Instead of hard efforts in order to promote the idea of competition both the majority of politicians, journalists, intellectuals and the majority of German voters plead for a stronger influence of the state in all spheres of the society. This situation is similar to this one in Germany after the First World War, when also both the majority of population and the majority of the intellectual and political elites tended to prefer antiliberal or nonliberal concepts in politics and economy. Two of the major prophets of German ordoliberalism, who had developed a positive programme for a free and socially aware market competition as well as for a liberal democracy, Walter Eucken and Alexander Rüstow, shared for a relative long time (Eucken until to the end of the 1920s) antiliberal economic and political positions. On the basis of unpublished letters and documents I want to describe first the rightwing antiliberal context of Eucken and the leftwing one of Rüstow and second their way to ordoliberal positions. To show both Eucken's and Rüstow's gradual development from antiliberal to ordoliberal ideas I will my description focus on their attitude towards the idea of economic and politic competition. The view on the example of Eucken and Rüstow could give any reasons to hope that the prevailing antiliberal attitudes towards necessary political and economic reforms are not the last word in public debates

Wettbewerb ohne Wettbewerb? Über die Bedeutung von Reformen im Bildungswesen für die Akzeptanz der Wettbewerbsidee

This paper discusses a problem of the connexion between economic transformation and the present policy on education in the Ukraine and shows that without a systematic reconstruction of the educational system the transformation into a freemarket economy and a liberal political system will not succeed. The successful introduction and widespread public acceptance of the principle of competition is a necessary condition for an effective transformation in all transition countries. Although in the Ukraine a set of formal institutions has been introduced which should facilitate a free competition there is a lot of informal constraints which restrict the economic and political competition. Most of these constraints have historical causes, but above all they are products of the post-soviet development, especially of the policy on education. Both the official guidelines for the nation-building education (Ukrainian history, Ukrainian literature) and the practices at schools and universities create false uniformity and subordinate the individual to the national collective. The neglect of the ideas of individualism and social diversity is connected with the marginalization of the spirit of competition as a key to regulate economy and politics. In addition to the content of education we have a second source for the insufficient acceptance of the spirit of competition. The education system is highly corrupt. Informal practices instead of personal performances regulate access to the scare resources as good places at good universities or university degrees

Walter Euckens Weg zum Liberalismus (1918-1934)

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Studies on the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Hylaeus F. (7) Indialaeus subgen. nov., a new subgenus of Hylaeus from the Oriental Region (Hymenoptera: Anthophila, Colletidae).

Für die Fauna der Orientalis werden eine neue Untergattung Indialaeus subgen. nov. und eine neue Art Hylaeus (Indialaeus) birmanicus sp. n. beschrieben. Die Untergattung ist durch die spezielle Gestalt der männ­lichen Terminalia gekennzeichnet. Weitere besondere Merkmale bestehen im Bau der Mandibeln und der Supraclypealarea beider Geschlechter. Es werden eine Bestimmungstabelle der bisher beschriebenen Arten und ein Katalog mit den neuen Kombinationen vorgelegt.StichwörterHymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila, Colletidae, Hylaeus, new subgenus, new species, Orientalis, Palaearctic.Nomenklatorische HandlungenIndialaeus Dathe, 2011 (Hylaeus), subgen.nov.birmanicus Dathe, 2011 (Hylaeus (Indialaeus)), spec.nov.A new subgenus Indialaeus subgen. nov. and new species Hylaeus (Indialaeus) birmanicus sp. n. are described from the Oriental Region. The subgenus is characterised by the special form of the male terminalia. Further special characters exist in the form of the mandibles and the supraclypeal area of both sexes. An identification key for the species so far described and a catalogue containing the new combinations is presented.KeywordsHymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila, Colletidae, Hylaeus, new subgenus, new species, Orientalis, Palaearctic.Nomenclatural ActsIndialaeus Dathe, 2011 (Hylaeus), subgen.nov.birmanicus Dathe, 2011 (Hylaeus (Indialaeus)), spec.nov

Wettbewerb ohne Wettbewerb? Über die Bedeutung von Reformen im Bildungswesen für die Akzeptanz der Wettbewerbsidee

This paper discusses a problem of the connexion between economic transformation and the present policy on education in the Ukraine and shows that without a systematic reconstruction of the educational system the transformation into a freemarket economy and a liberal political system will not succeed. The successful introduction and widespread public acceptance of the principle of competition is a necessary condition for an effective transformation in all transition countries. Although in the Ukraine a set of formal institutions has been introduced which should facilitate a free competition there is a lot of informal constraints which restrict the economic and political competition. Most of these constraints have historical causes, but above all they are products of the post-soviet development, especially of the policy on education. Both the official guidelines for the nation-building education (Ukrainian history, Ukrainian literature) and the practices at schools and universities create false uniformity and subordinate the individual to the national collective. The neglect of the ideas of individualism and social diversity is connected with the marginalization of the spirit of competition as a key to regulate economy and politics. In addition to the content of education we have a second source for the insufficient acceptance of the spirit of competition. The education system is highly corrupt. Informal practices instead of personal performances regulate access to the scare resources as good places at good universities or university degrees. --competition,spirit of competition,education,nation building,corruption