Mapping the global structure of Antarctic research vis-à-vis Antarctic Treaty System

boration links and widths indicate size of the frequency. Bonacich power centrality3 is used to indicate the posi- tion of the countries in the network. ANTARCTICA is a continent of science and peace, a common heritage of mankind. This fifth largest continent is gov- erned by a set of guiding principles, the Antarctica Treaty System (ATS)1. The ATS is the basic instrument for managing the activities in this icy continent. Conducting science is occupying a central place in ATS. Currently, there are 45 treaty member nations: 28 consultative (voting) and 17 acceding states. This icy, coldest and windiest continent is covered with a sheet of ice with more than 2 km average thickness (4.7 km at its thickest point). Locked up in thick ice sheet is a record of past climate for the last 500,000 years. Antarctica provides an ideal setting for conducting frontier science (Figure 1). It has a scanty flora, but a rich fauna, including many species of fish, birds and mammals. It has no permanent human population. Today, there are 37 year-round research stations, run by 20 nations, op- erating in the continent. Belgium, The Netherlands, Ecua- dor, etc. (Consultavive Parties) do not have any permanent bases, but instead use the infrastructure of other nations in collaborative efforts. In this paper we have attempted to visualize the structure of science that is being pursued by the countries in the framework of the AT

Content analysis of documents using neural networks: A study of Antarctic science research articles published in international journals

Content analysis of scientific papers emanating from Antarctic science research during the 25 years period (1980— 2004) has been carried out using neural network based algorithm–CATPAC. A total of 10 942 research articles published in Science Citation Indexed (SCI) journals were used for the study. Normalized co-word matrix from 35 most-used significant words was used to study the semantic association between the words. Structural Equivalence blocks were constructed from these 35 most-used words. Four-block model solution was found to be optimum. The density table was dichotomized using the mean density of the table to derive the binary matrix, which was used to construct the network map. Network maps represent the thematic character of the blocks. The blocks showed preferred connection in establishing semantic relationship with the blocks, characterizing thematic composition of Antarctic science research. The analysis has provided an analytical framework for carrying out studies on the content of scientific articles. The paper has shown the utility of co-word analysis in highlighting the important areas of research in Antarctic science

National and institutional productivity and collaboration in Antarctic science:an analysis of 25 years of journal publications (1980 to 2004)

Journal publications on Antarctic science were analysed for a period of 25 years (1980–2004) through a set of scientometrics and network analysis techniques. The study is based on 10 942 records (research articles, review articles, letters, etc.) with the word fragment "antarc*" in the title published in 961 international, peer-reviewed journals and retrieved from Thomson Scientific's Science Citation Index database. During the period under investigation, productivity increased threefold and there was a 13-fold increase in journal publications co-written by authors from different countries. The five nations with the highest output were the USA (with 26.7% of the total output), the UK (13.8%), Australia (9.7%), Germany (8.8%) and Italy (6.0%). The top five institutions in terms of journal publications were the British Antarctic Survey (972 publications), the Alfred Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine Research, Germany (475), the Australian Antarctic Division (312), the University of Tasmania, Australia (305), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U

National and institutional productivity and collaboration in Antarctic science: an analysis of 25 years of journal publications (1980–2004)

Journal publications on Antarctic science were analysed for a period of 25 years (1980–2004) through a set of scientometrics and network analysis techniques. The study is based on 10 942 records (research articles, review articles, letters, etc.) with the word fragment “antarc*” in the title published in 961 international, peer-reviewed journals and retrieved from Thomson Scientific’s Science Citation Index database. During the period under investigation, productivity increased threefold and there was a 13-fold increase in journal publications co-written by authors from different countries. The five nations with the highest output were the USA (with 26.7% of the total output), the UK (13.8%), Australia (9.7%), Germany (8.8%) and Italy (6.0%). The top five institutions in terms of journal publications were the British Antarctic Survey (972 publications), the Alfred Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine Research, Germany (475), the Australian Antarctic Division (312), the University of Tasmania, Australia (305), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA (293)

Ocean Science & Technology research across the countries: A global scenario

Abstract In this paper attempt has been made to unfold the intellectual base in ocean science and technology. The articles appeared in Science Citation Index (SCI) under Oceanography in the year 2000 were analyzed to decipher the scientist to scientist , organization to organization and country to country network structures. The causal linkages between the knowledge productivity function and the socio-economic imperatives of knowledge production units were studied

Science Citation Index, co-citation and the scientists

The author argues that the strengths of the co-citation phenomenon in the science and technology enterprise is its working in a self-organizing space. To a large extent it can take care of the local aberrations. The letter also reports the usefulness of Science Citation Index (SCI) in identifying productive knowledge production units

Engineering research in ocean sector:An international profile

In this paper attempt has been made to study the engineering research scenario in ocean sector across the countries - globally. To understand the research dynamics, the articles appeared in Science Citation Index (SCI) database under Ocean Engineering category in the year 2000 were analyzed to visualize the structure of the field. USA and UK are the major producers - 62% of the total output contributed by them. The cooperation linkages between engineers, organizations, countries and journals were mapped. The causal linkages between the productivity function and the socio-economic imperatives of the production units were studied. 62% output in this sector goes to USA & UK. They are also toppers in collaboration centrality list. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), USA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA; National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), India are the most productive institutions. GDP explains only 36% of variance in productivity (R2 = 0.36). M Longuethiggins and CC Mei are the most cited authors in the field. Co-citation maps of cited authors and cited journals throw light on the semantic structure of the field. Studies in wave mechanics and modeling of waves are the most important areas of research in Ocean Technology

Setting up an open access digital repository: A case study

Setting up of institutional repositories has been gathering momentum in India and many academic and R&D establishments have made it mandatory to set up institutional repositories. This paper briefly details the work that has gone into setting up and configuring the digital repository of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES). The repository has been set up using the free and open source software, GNU Eprints.org (http://eprints.org). Such a repository will not only help in the wider dissemination of the publications that emerge from the projects and programmes supported by the MOES, but it will also serve as an information management system for the ministry

Possible Self-awareness in Wild Adelie Penguins Pygoscelis adeliae

This preliminary study, conducted in January–February 2020, investigates the potential presence of self-awareness in a population of wild Adélie penguins on the Dog’s Neck Ice Shelf and on Svenner Island in East Antarctica. It is based on the responses and reactions of individual penguins to images, generated in mirrors during three experimental paradigms: a group-behaviour test; a modified mirror test and a hidden-head test. We believe that this set of experiments constitutes possibly the first investigations into the potential presence of self-awareness in any penguin species and is pioneering in conducting a set of cognitive experiments on free-ranging individuals of a nonhuman species in its natural environment, without any prior familiarisation, conditioning or acclimatisation to the experimental paradigms employed. Future studies, integrating the socioecology and cognitive ethology of penguins, may provide insights into whether our experimental paradigms could provide evidence to confirm the presence of self-awareness and even of self-recognition in this species and examine whether the observed social awareness may have evolved due to the social needs of individual penguins to engage in cooperative behaviour with conspecific individuals, while maintaining their independent decision-making capacities, throughout their communal lives