The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Expenditures of Hellenic Supermarket Customers Spending Clusters: An Econometric Analysis

Purpose: Given the severity and the length of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, information on the financial impact of the pandemic becomes useful to enterprises who wish to arm themselves with strategies and policies, designed to combat the effects of similar crises. Such information is particularly useful to grocery retailers, who may need to know the effects of the pandemic on spending behaviour of different spending power classes of consumers. To that end, the study explores the configuration of (supermarket) consumer spending in Greece in relation to the number of: a) reported COVID-19 infections; b) admissions in hospital intensive care units, and: c) number of COVID-19 reported deaths, for the period betweenFebruary the 26th, 2020 to April 30th, 2021. Design/methodology/approach: Methodologically, the paper focuses on an econometric analysis of daily spending reactions of six distinct spending clustersof consumersof Greek nation -wide supermarket chain, measured against official numbers of COVID-19 related metrics in Greece during the period of February 2020- April 2021. The data used, emerged from daily sales records of a national chain of supermarkets in Greece, consisting of 60 stores. Proven econometric causality techniques were used to analyse the data by applying Hsiao's Optimizing Procedure via the “Stepwise Granger Causality”, for the statistical tests of possible interactions between variables. Findings: The study found a phenomenal effect of the number of reported COVID-19 related deaths on consumers’ supermarket spending in Greece. The study revealed the statistically significant effects of the COVID-19 variables on the 6 buyers’ clusters. These statistically significant effects have a diachronic behaviour which is varied in relation to the covid variables. The findings indicate that the biggest fluctuations in daily consumer reactions (on reported COVID-19 related variables) occurred in lower spending clusters of consumers, diminished over a period of about 15 days. The study also revealed that consumers’ spending reaction on infection case is minimal compared to that of reported deaths, signalling a relative apathy to the number of reported infection cases. Research limitations/implications: One basic constraint was the lack of spending data over a longer period of time which would have included the entire pandemic era. Ideally the researchers would prefer to compare customer spending data of several supermarket chains, yet the availability of such data was scarce. The findings also imply that lower spending clusters react more intensively to COVID-19 outcomes and as such marketing efforts to serve these target markets may need to be customized. Originality/value: The interpretation of the results reveals that the level of panic that drives reactionary spending appears to be lower in higher spending consumers. This study contributes to theory by appreciating the Greek supermarket customers’ psychological reaction to COVID-19 related variables, by not relying on self-reported data. Although the study was not designed to reveal the reasons for this occurrence, the results demonstrated variability in the reaction of customer clusters as outcomes of severely negative COVID -19 related reports. The data used were objective and the adopted analysis method was appropriate to the purpose of the study. The paper further suggests that future research could build on this study by: (a) examining causality of variability of customer spending during various phases of the pandemic by applying non-linear and possibly chaotic causality tests on daily data; and (b) identifying the exact threshold of change in consumers’ spending patterns on specific product categories, as influenced by reports of COVID-19 related factors

Prevalence of disordered eating in elite female athletes in team sports in Greece

The purpose of the study was to assess a) the prevalence of disordered eating (DE) in elite female team sports players compared to non-athletes and b) to compare DE prevalence in elite female players in basketball, volleyball and water polo. One hundred and seventy-five females were recruited (age 23.10 ± 5.4, BMI 21.85 ± 2.3 kg/m2), 53 were elite basketball players, 42 were elite volleyball players, 34 were elite water polo players and 46 were non-athletes. Participants completed the Eating Disorders Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and a physical activity questionnaire. The EDE-Q incorporates 36 statements which relate to the occurrence and frequency of key behaviours of eating disorders, under the following four subscales: Restraint, eating concern, shape concern and weight concern and a global score of disordered eating. No differences were found in the EDE-Q subscale score and global score between athletes and non-athletes. Only 6.2% of the total number of participants exhibited DE using the global score >2.3. Water polo players had significantly higher scores in the ‘eating concern’ subscale and in the frequency of key behavioural features of DE such as binge eating episodes and objective and subjective bulimic episodes, compared to volleyball and basketball players. In conclusion, team sport elite female players do not exhibit greater prevalence of DE compared to non-athletes. Water polo, a sport that emphasizes leanness and control of body weight for international distinctions, is associated with a higher tendency to exhibit DE, when compared to other team sports

Consumers' views of their relationships with firms : a realistic approach

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Marketing a city: Glasgow, city of architecture and design

The current study is an attempt to explore the identity of Glasgow (UK) as a city of Architecture and Design. The study applies the methodology of the ACID test of Corporate Identity Management in a qualitative investigation of 4 different samples of informants (residents of the city, governmental and Heritage Organisations, as well as industry experts such as architects and designers). The study identified differences in the perceptions of the four samples used about the city's identity. The study contributes with recommendations for reviewing the City Plan by considering the value of corporate image management and place marketing literature