A fluid dynamic analysis of the blast furnace trough at Tata Steel

The non-drainable trough of 'F' blast furnace at Tata Steel has been fluid dynamically simulated by solving the Navier-Stokes equation in order to predict the velocity field near the trough bed along with other field properties so as to focus on the locations of surface wear on the trough bed. For this purpose a total length of 3.64 m, the mast wear prone zone, of the entire trough has been taken in to considerations for modeling. The modeling zone or the computational domain consists of the skimmer plate, iron dam and some portion of the runner. The modeled portion of the trough has always higher wear compared to other locations on the trough so a fluid dynamic analysis has been done for the liquid metal in this particular portion of the trough. Turbulence present in the velocity field has been taken into considerations by imbedding the K-e turbulent model to the parent differential equations for the velocity field. The entire set of partial differ-ential equations (two for the velocities, one for contin-uity and one each for the turbulent quantities k and e) have been solved by employing a strongly non-uniform stagg-ered grid through Phoenics. The predicted velocity field reveals a strong recirculation zone just behind the skimmer plate and comparatively high shear stress just after the iron dam (at the beginning of the runner). The inclination of the iron dam has been-varied starting from 90° to 35°. It has been observed that for a 35° iron dam the predicted maximum shear stress on the trough bed has a much lower value than that of the 90° iron dam. From this analysis it has been concluded that the value of the maximum shear stress on the trough bed is an important parameter contributing to the amount of refractory wear and the location of the maximum shear stress signifies the weakest zone on the trough bed which is vulnerable to wear caused by fluid shear. It has also been noticed that the present analysis has offered many qualitative trends which are in agreement with the plant observations

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Not AvailableStudy ascertained the recovery of β-carotene from enzyme-treated (enzyme load of 167 U/g) pericarp of ripe bitter melon using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique. Effect of different pressure (ranged from 150–450 bar), carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rates (ranged from 15 to 55 ml/min), temperatures (from 50 to 90 °C), and extraction periods (from 45–225 minutes) were observed on the extraction efficiency of β-carotene. Results showed that extraction pressure (X1) among extraction parameters had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on extraction efficiency of the β-carotene followed by allowed extraction time (X4), CO2 flow rate (X2) and the temperature of the extraction (X3). The maximum yield of 90.12% of β-carotene from lyophilized enzymatic pretreated ripe bitter melon pericarp was achieved at the pressure of approx. 390 bar, flow rate of 35 mL/min, temperature at 70 °C and extraction time of 190 min, respectively. Based on the accelerated storage study the 70% retention shelf life of the β-carotene into extract was estimated up to 2.27 months at 10 °C and up to 3.21 months at 5 °C.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableStudy ascertained the recovery of β-carotene from enzyme-treated (enzyme load of 167 U/g) pericarp of ripe bitter melon using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique. Effect of different pressure (ranged from 150–450 bar), carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rates (ranged from 15 to 55 ml/min), temperatures (from 50 to 90 °C), and extraction periods (from 45–225 minutes) were observed on the extraction efficiency of β-carotene. Results showed that extraction pressure (X1) among extraction parameters had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on extraction efficiency of the β-carotene followed by allowed extraction time (X4), CO2 flow rate (X2) and the temperature of the extraction (X3). The maximum yield of 90.12% of β-carotene from lyophilized enzymatic pretreated ripe bitter melon pericarp was achieved at the pressure of approx. 390 bar, flow rate of 35 mL/min, temperature at 70 °C and extraction time of 190 min, respectively. Based on the accelerated storage study the 70% retention shelf life of the β-carotene into extract was estimated up to 2.27 months at 10 °C and up to 3.21 months at 5 °C.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA method of construction of row-column designs for estimation of main effects and two factor interaction effects in 2(n) factorial microarray experiments based on orthogonal parameterization has been developed in minimum number of replications. A catalogue of designs for 2 <= n <= 9 has been prepared. The catalogue also gives the main effects and two- factor interactions confounded in different replications and the factorial effects that are not confounded in a replication. The efficiency factor of estimable main effects and two- factor interactions has been given. For each 2 n factorial, two designs have been given, one in which main effects are estimated with more efficiency and another in which two- factor interactions are estimated with more efficiency. A procedure of construction of row- column designs for estimation of all factorial effects with odd number of factors has been given. Row- column designs with unequal replication of different treatment combinations have also been obtained for estimation of all main effects and two-factor interactions.IASRI fellowshi