Toxic Effect of Urea on Earthworms Determined by a Simple Paper Contact Method.

Objective- Now-a-days the utilization of chemical fertilizer is hiked tremendously to achieve a high yield. The aim of this experimental research work is to confirm and detect the lethal or toxic effect of those chemical fertilizers on the earthworms which are the natural friend of soil as well as the farmer and also maintains the soil health by porosity and aeration. Materials and Methods- A simple paper contact method was adopted for the toxicity testing on the earthworms on the bed prepared using Petri plate and filter paper. Result and Discussion- The lethal dose value was determined and the toxic effect of the urea on earthworm was calculated and represented by using statistical inferences, and a scope of the future study was created for the biochemical profiling towards the body degradation of the earthworms. Conclusion- From the above results, it may be concluded that the acute toxicity of urea on E.fetida by using a simple paper contact method was actually significant in confirming the toxic impending. The application of environmentally levelheaded doses of urea exposed the possible harmful effects on earthworms when comes in contact directly. Thus, in future, this method will be necessary to find an approach to establish the sensitivity of the earthworm's acute toxicity before going for the evaluation in soil (i.e. acute and chronic toxicity tests in artificial soil sample)

Review Article MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND MINIMIZATION

Abstract:We all know that medical wastes are more hazardous than the municipal solid waste and household waste. The medical wastes are the unwanted and discarded materials that are commonly used day by day. Various types of disease-causing agents called as pathogens are found in a high amount of medical wastes. Some commonly caused diseases are parasitic infections, infections of the airways and lungs, meningitis, disease from improperly disposed of with traces of vaccines, bacteremia, infections of reproductive organs, sexually transmitted infections, HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and hemorrhagic fevers, and many other diseases. The various wastes generated from the healthcare sectors are needed to be minimized and managed in a safe way. The medical wastes are having a high public risk as it affects the normal environment. The medical wastes are the key factors for environmental pollution. Now a day the medical waste management has become a great challenge and having a critical issue as it is affecting the connected population as well as the environment. The main problem with the unsuccessful waste management can be due to the untrained employees (not known about the waste management) in the healthcare units. Awareness among the health workers for proper medical waste management should be there to create control over the successful minimization the medical waste and its hazardous effect on the public. So the medical waste management, as well as the minimization, is most necessary. This systematic study refers to a brief report on the medical wastes and the possible processes to making the society safe and beware of the hazardous wastes and their management by which the environmental pollution, as well as the public risk, could be reduced

YELLOWNESS IS A THREAT TO NEWBORN - A REVIEW

 Jaundice is a very well-known disease found worldwide. Jaundice comes from the French word Jaune†- which means yellow. In medical term, jaundice is known as icterus which is a Greek word. This is a very common disease in the population, which causes the yellowish or greenish pigmentation in the skin and whiteness in the eyes. This is a condition of hyperbilirubinemia in which the amount of bilirubin increases in the blood. In this case, the high amount of bilirubin is found in blood, and the disruption of the movement of bilirubin into the liver and out of the body causes jaundice. Different symptoms seen in this case are yellow skin, yellow/white eyes, dark or reddish urine, loss of appetite, bitter taste of tongue, pale faces, nausea, itching in skin, anfd slow pulse rate. Jaundice may be mild to severe. Different types of jaundice are seen like normal jaundice in newborn, hepatic jaundice, and post-hepatic Jaundice