Evaluation of Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary Permanent Premolars in Iraqi Subpopulations by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: The aim of the present study is to assess the root and root canal morphology of maxillary first premolars (MFP) and maxillary second premolars (MSP) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in an Iraqi subpopulation. Methods: One thousand five hundred and forty-eight maxillary permanent premolars (774 MFP and 774 MSP) from 387 CBCT scans with 182(47.03%) males and 205 (52.97%) females. The number of roots, orifices, and canal configuration were analyzed as frequencies and percentages using Vertucci’s classification. A Chi-square test was used to find the effect of gender and location on number of canals, orifices and root canal anatomy. Results: Most of the MFP had two roots (%60.9) and two orifices (87.6%) compared to MSP which had more one root (85.5%) and one orifice (73.8%). There was significant relation of gender to the number of the roots in both MFP and MSP (p 0.05), with single root premolars more frequent in females. In regard to Vertucci’s classification, type IV was the most frequent configuration in MFP (58.8%), whereas in MSP, type I configuration recorded the highest percentage (64.3%). Conclusions: Good knowledge of the root canal configuration is one of the most significant factors for successful root canal treatment. Most MFP had two roots, with Type IV being the most predominant canal configuration, whereas the majority of MSP had one root with Type I canal configuration

The prevalence and etiology of maxillary midline diastema among orthodontic patients attending Shorsh Dental Clinic in Sulaimani City

Maxillary midline diastema (MMD) is a common aesthetic problem of people seeking orthodontic problem, which meansspacing greater than 0.5 mm between the proximal surfaces of maxillary central incisors. The causes for MMD may be: highfrenum attachment; microdontia; macrognathia; supernumerary teeth; peg laterals; missing lateral incisors; midline cysts andunhealthy oral habits.Objectives: The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of MMD among Shorish dental clinic`s patientsseeking orthodontic treatment and to find the factors associated with this anomaly.Materials and Methods: During 6 months, 507 patients with age (13 – 40) years old attending Shorish Dental Clinic, seekingorthodontic treatment were screened to find the prevalence and etiology of MMD.Result: The MMD was present in 110 patients (21.7%). The frequency of MMD was the same in males and females. It ishighest in the young age group and lowest in the older age group (29% vs. 4%).Conclusion: The most frequent factor among the observed etiological factors was oral unhealthy habit which was found in40% of MMD patients and 8.7% of all cases

Evaluation of the clinical success of four different types of lithium disilicate ceramic restorations: a retrospective study

Abstract Background/purpose How long do lithium disilicate restorations last before they fail? The aim of this study was to assess the success rate of four different types of restorations made from lithium disilicate. Materials and methods A total of 87,203 ceramic restorations, classified into four different types (inlay or onlay, veneers (Vs), single crowns (SCs), and fixed partial dentures (FPDs)), were used. All were made of lithium disilicate (IPS e.Max CAD) with Cerec Inlab CAD/CAM system (Sirona Dental Systems, Bensheim, Germany). They were reported by dentists and entered in the database of the private B&amp;R Dental Center between March 2015 and June 2020 and assessed retrospectively up to a period of 5 years based on the following parameters: failure rate and cause of failures (ceramic fracture, debonding, marginal adaptation, color match, endodontic intervention, periodontal disease, and secondary caries). Failure distribution according to gender, arch, and teeth type was also evaluated. The time-dependent time-to-failure/complication and their differences were calculated in months according to the Kaplan Meier and log-rank tests. The Chi-squared test (p 0.05) was used to assess the variations in causes of failure rates between different restorations. Results Kaplan Meier test showed overall cumulative survival probability of lithium disilicate restorations for up to years was 85.08%. Inlay/onlay and Vs ceramic restorations showed highest cumulative survival probability (99.4%, 98.6, respectively). FPDs had the least cumulative survival probability (52.9%) which was significantly (P &lt; 0.00001) higher than for other ceramic restorations using the log-rank test. Moreover, overall time-dependent time-to-failure/complication occurred after 52.373 months according to Kaplan–Meier (CI: lower bound: 51.875 months; upper bound: 52.871 months). Ceramic fracture in both FPDs and SCs (27.6% and 26.6%, respectively) and debonding in Vs (12.7%) were significant as the main reasons for failure (P = 0.000). The failure rate was significantly higher for the maxillary arch than the mandibular arch (P = 0.021). Fracture and marginal discrepancy were more frequent in the molar region (77.5% and 14.75%, respectively) and significantly higher here than in the anterior and premolar regions (P = 0.000). Conclusion The medium-term performance of lithium disilicate is ideal. Ceramic fracture was the most common cause of failure in SCs and FPDs. FPDs presented with the highest failure rate based on evaluation for up to 5 years. </jats:sec

The prevalence of enamel white spot lesions before and after fixed orthodontic treatment among patients attending Shorish Dental Center

Objectives: This study was done to determine the prevalence of WSLs among orthodontic patients visiting Shorish Dental Center in Sulaimani City during 4 months (1st June 2013- 30 sep 2013) requiring fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Six hundred and seventy patients (223control and 447study groups) who attended orthodontic department of Shorish Dental Center during 4 months were included in this study. The presence of white spot lesions was determined by visual examination in two groups of patients. The study group consisted of patients who did wear fixed orthodontic appliance, and the control group consisted of patients who didn t having their braces placed on their teeth. Results: Out of 477 orthodontic patients, 148 cases presents WSL, and their prevalence was equal to (31%). Conclusion: The development of white spot lesion during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance was not a significant clinical problem and its prevalence didn t affect by the age and the gender of the patients, suggesting that any preventive therapy provided appeared to be effective. Conclusions: Fixed orthodontic appliance was not a critical factor that contributed to the development of WSL. The age and the gender of the patient didn t play a role in the prevalence of the WSLs

Fluoride concentration of well water in different areas of Sulaimani province

Objectives: To determine the amount of fluoride concentration in well water of different places in Sulaimani province, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two samples of well water were taken from different areas in Sulaimani Province. The areas are different from the geographical point of view. The water samples were directly taken from the wells pumps. Each sample was filtered through a 0.45 &micro;m and 47 mm diameter membrane filter before analyzing by ion chromatography machine. The machine had been standardized for fluoride ion by using Dionex seven anion standard to allow the machine is reading fluoride ions within these certain concentrations. Anion identification is based on the comparison of analyte signal peak retention times relative to those of known standards. Quantitation is accomplished by measuring the peak area and comparing it to a calibration curve generated from known standards. Results: All the 22 samples had shown the very low amount of fluoride concentration. The maximum concentration was 0.157 mg/l, and the minimum concentration was zero mg/l. Conclusion: The fluoride ions in the samples taken from different sources of well water in Sulaimani province had shown concentrations that could not provide any benefits for the purpose of caries prevention

Analysis of the Sagittal Root Position of the Maxillary and Mandibular Anterior Teeth in the Alveolar Bone Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the bone thickness and angulation of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth on the buccal and palatal/lingual sides and also to analyze the sagittal root position (SRP) in the alveolar bone in relation to age and gender using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in an Iraqi subpopulation. Methods: CBCT images of 1200 maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors and canines from 100 patients (48 males and 52 females) were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were categorized by age into group I ≤ 25, group II 26–40, and group III ≥ 41 years old. The SRP in the alveolar bone was classified as class I, class II, class III, and class IV, and the buccal type was further classified into subtypes I, II, and III. In addition, the buccolingual inclination of the tooth and buccal/palatal/lingual bone thickness at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds were evaluated and then compared based on age and gender. The data were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare the thickness and angulation according to the SRP classes. Results: The mean frequency distribution of SRP of maxillary anterior teeth indicated that most of them were located buccally and were classified as (Class I) and subtype (III). Moreover, for mandibular anterior teeth, the majority were classified as (Class IV) and subtype (II). The mean sagittal angulation of maxillary anterior teeth approximately ranged from 5.9 for tooth 12# to 8.2 for teeth 13# and 23#, while for mandibular anterior teeth it ranged from 7.4 for tooth 33# to 10.3 for tooth 41#. The thickness of bone in the apical third of the buccal side of all maxillary and mandibular teeth was significantly related to age (p p Conclusions: A majority of the maxillary anterior tooth roots were positioned close to the buccal cortical plate, while most of the mandibular anterior teeth were engaging both the buccal and lingual cortical plates. Males had more alveolar bone thickness for both maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, and only the apical portion significantly changed with age. CBCT of the buccal and palatal/lingual bone and SRP is recommended for the selection of the appropriate treatment approach and implant placement

Prevalence of Apical Periodontitis by Cone Beam Computed Tomography A Cross Sectional Study

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of apical periodontics (AP) from a sample of Iraqi adult population by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-one CBCT images (116 male and 135 female) were obtained, 6738 teeth were examined of these patients who attended for dental treatment from January 2017 to June 2018 in the B R private dental clinic in Sulaimani, Kurdistan region/Iraq. Apical periodontitis was divided according to tooth types (anatomical) in both upper and lower jaw, root canal treatment (RCT) and non-root canal treatment (Non-RCT), affected root by AP, and quality of RCT. Pearson s chi-square test was used to determine the level of significance (p 0.05). Results: Apical periodontitis was found in 294 teeth from 6738 examined teeth, of these, 59.9% of AP incidence was linked to RCT. The percentage of periapical lesions was not significantly different between male and female patients. Among RCT teeth, maxillary teeth were found to be most susceptible to AP (61.92%) compared to mandibular teeth (38.07%). Mesiobuccal root of upper first molar and mesial root of lower first molar were most commonly affected with AP (12.4%). The most reported defects where under filling, followed by missed canal, and pulpotomy which were 32%, 20% and 18 % respectively. Missed upper second mesiobuccal canal presented with a higher percentage of AP (40.6%) and palatal roots of maxillary molars showed the least AP (2.7%). Conclusions: The prevalence of AP was low on population level; however, the prevalence of AP was high in inadequate endodontically treated teeth and increased in teeth with complex anatomy