Brain lesion evaluations.

<p>Brain lesions were assessed in short bowel rats administered diclofenac (D, 12 mg/kg), saline 5 mL/kg, or BPC 157 (10 μg/kg) intraperitoneally. Characteristic presentation of hippocampal (HC and HB) and cerebellar nuclear (CC and CB) lesions are shown. Left upper panel (control, HC) shows severe edema and neuronal damage (gray arrow indicates ballooned; black, edematous; and white, normal neurons); right upper panel (BPC 157, HB) shows less edema and neuronal damage (gray arrow indicates ballooned; black, edematous; and white normal neurons). Cerebellar nuclei, lower panel (control (HC) shows severe edema and neuronal damage (gray arrow indicates ballooned; black, edematous; and white normal neurons); right lower (BPC 157, HB) shows less edema and neuronal damage (gray arrow indicates ballooned; black, edema; and white, normal neurons), H&E, 40×.</p

Microscopy and gross anastomosis assessment (min/med/max)(days) in short bowel-rats and in short bowel-rats that received diclofenac (12 mg/kg intraperitoneally).

<p>Microscopy and gross anastomosis assessment (min/med/max)(days) in short bowel-rats and in short bowel-rats that received diclofenac (12 mg/kg intraperitoneally).</p

Brain lesions (scored 0–4, or 0–3, Min/Med/Max) in short bowel-rats and in short bowel-rats that received diclofenac (12 mg/kg intraperitoneally).

<p>Brain lesions (scored 0–4, or 0–3, Min/Med/Max) in short bowel-rats and in short bowel-rats that received diclofenac (12 mg/kg intraperitoneally).</p

Liver lesion assessment II.

<p>Liver lesion assessment revealed necrosis, steatosis, and congestion and was scored as 0–3 (min/med/max), cell nuclei diameters (μm), area of cell cytoplasm (μm²), double nuclei cell number (means ± SD) in untreated 24 h-short bowel-rats (SBS) and those administered diclofenac (D, 12 mg/kg intraperitoneally). BPC 157 (Bμ and Bn, 10 μg/kg and 10 ng/kg, respectively), L-NAME (N, 5 mg/kg), and L-arginine (A, 100 mg/kg) were administered alone or combined while controls were administered equivolume saline (5 mL/kg) intraperitoneally. *P < 0.05 vs. control.</p

Bilirubin and liver enzymes assessment.

<p>Bilirubin and liver enzymes were measured (means ± SD) in untreated 24 h-short bowel-rats (SBS) and those administered diclofenac (D, 12 mg/kg intraperitoneally). BPC 157 (Bμ and Bn, 10 μg/kg and 10 ng/kg, respectively), L-NAME (N, 5 mg/kg), and L-arginine (A, 100 mg/kg) were administered alone or combined and controls were administered equivolume saline (5 mL/kg) intraperitoneally. *P<0.05, at least, vs. control.</p

Liver lesions presentation.

<p>Liver lesions in short bowel rats administered diclofenac (12 mg/kg), saline 5 mL/kg, or BPC 157 (10 μg/kg) intraperitoneally. Upper left panel, control (c) shows extensive microvesicular steatosis and sinusoidal dilatation, H&E, 40×. Upper right panel, BPC 157 (B) shows less to no steatosis and minor sinusoidal dilatation (circle) and more binucleated hepatocytes (H&E, 40×). Lower panel, control (c) shows occasional focal necrosis (arrow, HE, 40×). Lower panel, BPC 157 (b) shows no necrosis, H&E, 40×.</p

Microscopy of villus height, crypt depth, and inner and outer muscle layer adaptation I.

<p>Microscopical assessment of villus height, crypt depth, and inner and outer muscle layer (means ± SD, μm) adaptation in 24 h-short bowel-rats (SBS) administered diclofenac (D, 12 mg/kg intraperitoneally), BPC 157 (Bμ, 10 μg/kg) alone or combined, and controls administered equivolume saline (5 mL/kg) intraperitoneally. *P<0.05, at least, vs. control.</p

Characteristic gross lesions in 24 h-short bowel-rats treated with diclofenac (small intestine and colon).

<p>Characteristic gross lesion presentation in 24 h-short bowel-rats treated with diclofenac in the small intestine (left, +BPC 157, +saline, and +L-NAME) and colon (right, +BPC 157, +saline, and +L-NAME).</p