Fluid Intake and Beverage Consumption Description and Their Association with Dietary Vitamins and Antioxidant Compounds in Italian Adults from the Mediterranean Healthy Eating, Aging and Lifestyles (MEAL) Study

The aim of the present study was to investigate the total water intake (TWI) from drinks and foods and to evaluate the correlation between the different types of drinks on energy and antioxidant intake. The cohort comprised 1602 individuals from the city of Catania in Southern Italy. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to assess dietary and water intake. The mean total water intake was 2.7 L; more than about two thirds of the sample met the European recommendations for water intake. Water and espresso coffee were the most consumed drinks. Alcohol beverages contributed about 3.0% of total energy intake, and sugar sweetened beverages contributed about 1.4%. All antioxidant vitamins were significantly correlated with TWI. However, a higher correlation was found for water from food rather than water from beverages, suggesting that major food contributors to antioxidant vitamin intake might be fruits and vegetables, rather than beverages other than water. A mild correlation was found between fruit juices and vitamin C; coffee, tea and alcohol, and niacin and polyphenols; and milk and vitamin B12. The findings from the present study show that our sample population has an adequate intake of TWI and that there is a healthy association between beverages and dietary antioxidants

INVERSE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHOROIDAL THICKNESS AND RENAL RESISTANCE INDEX IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS

Introduction: Alterations of the renal microcirculation have been documented in animal models of hypertensive renal damage. Traditionally, the retina has been considered the easiest accessible window to study the systemic microcirculation, even though the choroid is the most important vascular layer of the eye. The introduction in the past few years of advanced optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques has greatly increased our understanding of the choroid. Although the renal resistive index (RRI) was initially considered to reflect intrarenal vascular pathological processes, this index is actually regarded as the result of complex interaction between renal and systemic vascular wall properties and hemodynamic factors, and it is endowed with prognostic implications.Aim: To analyse the relationships between choroidal thickness (CT) and RRI in a group of hypertensive patients. Methods: We enrolled 66 nondiabetic essential hypertensives (67% men; mean age: 52 ± 12 years), consecutively attending our Hypertension Centre. Results: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by the CKD-EPI equation was 78 ± 2 ml/min/1.73 m2, and the RRI 0.64 ± 0.07. Splitting the study population into 2 groups on the basis of the 75th percentile of the distribution of RRI, we found lower choroidal thickness in the group with greater values of RRI (all p.001; Figure 3). We observed also significant inverse correlations between CT and RRI, that held even after adjustment for GFR, age and gender (Table 3). Conclusions: Our findings confirm the close relationships between changes in the ocular microcirculation and renal dysfunction and suggest that intrarenal hemodynamic alterations are involved in these relationships