Explaining neutrality: the cases of Turkmenistan and Ukraine

Neutrality has always brought attention of scholars and politicians as well. Recent events in Ukraine and further debates on Ukraine’s alignment status have once again sparked interest to exploring this concept and the reasons for a state to adopt a neutral stance. The aim of this study is to contribute to the growing researches on neutrality in international politics by exploring particular explanations for different forms of neutrality. For this purpose, it conceptually differentiates forms of neutrality according to their degree of institutionalization, i.e. permanent neutrality and non-alignment, and explains the factors leading states to adopt one form or the other. Based on existing theories of alignment behavior, the thesis formulates two explanations of neutral status: a domestic-level explanation and an explanation emphasizing ideational factors. These explanations are then applied to the cases of Ukraine and Turkmenistan. Whereas the former has followed a policy of non-alignment, the latter has adopted a permanently neutral status. Accounting for these differences in neutral status, the study demonstrates the relevance of domestic-level and ideational factors.http://www.ester.ee/record=b5148194*es

Hochschild polytopes

The $(m,n)$-multiplihedron is a polytope whose faces correspond to $m$-painted $n$-trees, and whose oriented skeleton is the Hasse diagram of the rotation lattice on binary $m$-painted $n$-trees. Deleting certain inequalities from the facet description of the $(m,n)$-multiplihedron, we construct the $(m,n)$-Hochschild polytope whose faces correspond to $m$-lighted $n$-shades, and whose oriented skeleton is the Hasse diagram of the rotation lattice on unary $m$-lighted $n$-shades. Moreover, there is a natural shadow map from $m$-painted $n$-trees to $m$-lighted $n$-shades, which turns out to define a meet semilattice morphism of rotation lattices. In particular, when $m=1$, our Hochschild polytope is a deformed permutahedron whose oriented skeleton is the Hasse diagram of the Hochschild lattice.Comment: 32 pages, 25 figures, 7 tables. Version 2: Minor correction

A note on a Holstein construction

We clarify details and fill certain gaps in the construction of a canonical Reedy fibrant resolution for a constant simplicial DG-category due to Holstein.Comment: 14 pages, no figures; revised argument in Appendix

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Hochschild polytopes

32 pages, 25 figures, 7 tablesInternational audienceThe (m,n)-multiplihedron is a polytope whose faces correspond to m-painted n-trees, and whose oriented skeleton is the Hasse diagram of the rotation lattice on binary m-painted n-trees. Deleting certain inequalities from the facet description of the (m,n)-multiplihedron, we construct the (m,n)-Hochschild polytope whose faces correspond to m-lighted n-shades, and whose oriented skeleton is the Hasse diagram of the rotation lattice on unary m-lighted n-shades. Moreover, there is a natural shadow map from m-painted n-trees to m-lighted n-shades, which turns out to define a meet semilattice morphism of rotation lattices. In particular, when m=1, our Hochschild polytope is a deformed permutahedron whose oriented skeleton is the Hasse diagram of the Hochschild lattice

Fast-Processable Non-Flammable Phthalonitrile-Modified Novolac/Carbon and Glass Fiber Composites

Phthalonitrile resins (PN) are known for their incredible heat resistance and at the same time poor processability. Common curing cycle of the PN includes dozens hours of heating at temperatures up to 375 &deg;C. This work was aimed at reducing processing time of phthalonitrile resin, and with this purpose, a novolac oligomer with hydroxyl groups fully substituted by phthalonitrile moieties was synthesized with a quantitative yield. Formation of the reaction byproducts was investigated depending on the synthesis conditions. The product was characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR. Curing of the resins with the addition of different amounts of novolac phenolic as curing agent (25, 50 and 75 wt.%) was studied by rheological and DSC experiments. Based on these data, a curing program was developed for the further thermosets&rsquo; investigation: hot-pressing at 220 &deg;C and 1.7 MPa for 20 min. TGA showed the highest thermal stability of the resin with 25 wt.% of novolac (T5% = 430 &deg;C). The post-curing program was developed by the use of DMA with different heating rates and holding for various times at 280 or 300 &deg;C (heating rate 0.5 &deg;C/min). Carbon and glass fiber plastic laminates were fabricated via hot-pressing of prepregs with Tg&rsquo;s above 300 &deg;C. Microcracks were formed in the CFRP, but void-free GFRP were fabricated and demonstrated superior mechanical properties (ILSS up to 86 MPa; compressive strength up to 620 MPa; flexural strength up to 946 MPa). Finally, flammability tests showed that the composite was extinguished in less than 5 s after the flame source was removed, so the material can be classified as V-0 according to the UL94 ratings. For the first time, fast-curing phthalonitrile prepregs were presented. The hot-pressing cycle of 20 min with 150 min free-standing post-curing yielded composites with the unique properties. The combination of mechanical properties, scale-up suitable fast-processing and inflammability makes the presented materials prospective for applications in the electric vehicle industries, fast train construction and the aerospace industry