Complete small colon ablation and fixation of the mesocolon to the internal anal sphincter due to prolapse in a young draft horse

A two-year-old draft stallion was referred for evaluation of a type IV prolapse. A thorough physical examination followed by blood tests was performed to assess the situation. Following the examination, it was concluded that the protruded small colon was devitalised, measured approximately one and a half meters and mesenteric and vascular injury were present. A standing surgery approach was chosen for the present case, in which the affected tissue was excised and the remaining mesentery was ligated to the internal anal sphincter to decrease pressure during straining in the physiological act of defecation. Six months later, after an uneventful recovery, the stallion was in good health and performing its reproductive duties. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mesenteric fixation to the internal anal sphincter in a horse. The study confirms that this technique is a feasible method that can be used in the complete ablation of the small colon in prolapses

Complete small colon ablation and fixation of the mesocolon to the internal anal sphincter due to prolapse in a young draft horse

A two-year-old draft stallion was referred for evaluation of a type IV prolapse. A thorough physical examination followed by blood tests was performed to assess the situation. Following the examination, it was concluded that the protruded small colon was devitalised, measured approximately one and a half meters and mesenteric and vascular injury were present. A standing surgery approach was chosen for the present case, in which the affected tissue was excised and the remaining mesentery was ligated to the internal anal sphincter to decrease pressure during straining in the physiological act of defecation. Six months later, after an uneventful recovery, the stallion was in good health and performing its reproductive duties. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mesenteric fixation to the internal anal sphincter in a horse. The study confirms that this technique is a feasible method that can be used in the complete ablation of the small colon in prolapses

Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome

Obesity has become a serious health problem with frequent occurrence both in human and animal populations. It is estimated that it may affect over 85% of the human population and 70–80% of horses and cows by 2030. Fat cow syndrome (FCS) is a combination of metabolic, digestive, infectious, and reproductive disorders that affects obese periparturient dairy cows, and occurs most frequently in loose-housing systems, where periparturient and dry cows are fed and managed in one group disregarding the lactation stages. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) was named after human metabolic syndrome (MetS) and has insulin dysregulation as a central and consistent feature. It is often associated with obesity, although EMS may occur in a lean phenotype as well. Other inconsistent features of EMS are cardiovascular changes and adipose dysregulation. Laminitis is the main clinical consequence of EMS. MetS holds a 30-years old lead in research and represents a clustering of risk factors that comprise abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus—T2DM), which are associated with doubled atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, and a 5-fold increased risk for T2DM. The main aim of this review is to provide critical information for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in animals, especially in cows and horses, in comparison with MetS. Human medicine studies can offer suitable candidate mechanisms to fill the existing gap in the literature, which might be indispensable for owners to tackle FCS, EMS, and their consequences