Number of correct trials by each subject, in each visual cue condition –“Point,” Point&Orient (“P&O”), and “Orient”– and their respective controls (“Control”), probe condition (“Probe”), and vocal command condition (“Vocal”) and their respective controls (“VControl”).

<p>Columns are delineated by cue given and experimenter (J.M.P. is the first author, M is the elephant’s mahout). Each cell is out of 24 trials except Probe and VControl cells, which are out of 12 and 8 trials respectively.</p>*<p>P<0.05 for binomial test.</p

Diagrams of apparatus and elephant testing.

<p>A) The experimenter gives the “point” cue to the bucket to the elephant’s right. B). The elephant makes the correct choice after the table is pushed forward. Drawings by A. Hennessy.</p