Experiments and CFD Analyses on Condensation Heat Transfer on a Flat Plate in a Square Cross Section Channel

The paper discusses the results obtained from an experimental and computational activity devoted to the study of steam condensation in the presence of air onto a flat aluminium plate cooled on the back side by a water flow. The experiments are intended to provide data for the validation of engineering models and CFD codes in applications of interest for the safety analysis of LWR containments. The original experimental data herein discussed involve atmospheric pressure and different air mass fractions (0 to 0.59), air velocities (1.5 to 3.5 m/s) and secondary coolant temperatures (50 to 70 °C). The measured overall condensation rates and local heat fluxes are compared with the predictions obtained by a commercial CFD code, purposely complemented with specific routines required to simulate condensation heat transfer. The obtained results show good agreement between experiments and calculations in most of the addressed conditions

Experiments and CFD Analyses on Condensation Heat Transfer in a Square Cross Section Channel

The paper discusses the results obtained from an experimental and computational activity devoted to the study of steam condensation in the presence of air onto a flat aluminium plate cooled on the back side by a water flow. The experiments are intended to provide data for the validation of engineering models and CFD codes in applications of interest for the safety analysis of LWR containments. The original experimental data herein discussed involve atmospheric pressure and different air mass fractions (0 to 0.59), air velocities (1.5 to 3.5 m/s) and secondary coolant temperatures (50 to 70 °C). The measured overall condensation rates and local heat fluxes are compared with the predictions obtained by a commercial CFD code, purposely complemented with specific routines required to simulate condensation heat transfer. The obtained results show good agreement between experiments and calculations in most of the addressed conditions

Clavicle Malunions: Surgical Treatment and Outcome—a Literature Review

© 2017, Hospital for Special Surgery. Background: Successful treatment of clavicle malunion represents a major challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Questions/Purposes: The aim of this study was to provide an overview of surgical options for the treatment of clavicle malunions regarding their technical details and clinical results. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was performed to retrieve articles and conference abstracts regarding the surgical treatment of clavicle malunions. A total of 1873 records were identified and 29 studies were included in the present review, with a total of 103 patients. Results: The majority of the patients (77/103) were treated with an osteotomy and subsequent open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). The next most frequent management choice was debridement, excision, or removal of excess callus or bone (n = 19), but other techniques like resection of the clavicle (n = 5) or nerve exploration and decompression (n = 2) were also reported. The preferred method of fixation was plate fixation (n = 53) followed by pin fixation (n = 6). The complication rate was low, reported in less than 6% of patients. Conclusion: All of the currently reported surgical techniques to manage symptomatic clavicle malunion have resulted in good clinical outcomes with a low complication rate. Considering biomechanical aspects, correction osteotomy followed by plate fixation seems to be the preferred method. Further studies are needed to compare the various surgical techniques and their specific outcomes in a prospective manner. Nevertheless, this review article can be used as an overview to help choose an optimal operative treatment for patients presenting with a clavicle malunion