Environmental Surveillance and Vaccine Derived Polio Virus type 2 Isolation, Gombe State, Nigeria.

ObjectiveTo evaluate Vaccine Derived Polio Virus 2 isolation rate from Environmental Surveillance and its contribution to Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI)IntroductionNigeria is the only country in Africa yet to be certified free of Wild Polio Virus (WPV). The country consists of 36 States and a Federal Capital Territory. Gombe is one of the 19 Polio high risk States in the North-eastern geo-political zone of the country. The last case of WPV isolated in Gombe State was in 2013.One of the strategies for Polio eradication is a sensitive Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance system in which any AFP is promptly detected and timely investigated. The focus of the investigation is to analyze two faecal samples of the patient, and/or sometimes those from contacts for any possible isolation of Polio Virus1 (PV). AFP surveillance is meant to be applicable to any human population at any time; however, there are situations in which there are good reasons to suspect that negative results of AFP surveillance are not reliable. Supplementary information is required in such situations and one approach for that is Environmental Surveillance (ES), in which a search for PV is made in environmental specimens contaminated by human feaces2ES in the African region started in Nigeria in July 20113,4. Since the introduction of this strategy, it has achieved its objective of complimenting the AFP surveillance system. There has been a gradual increase in the number of ES sites in Nigeria from 2011 to date4. The increase is largely due to the successes recorded in terms of the PV isolation from the sites, PV epidemiology, the large population size and mobility4,5. The last cases of WPV1 and WPV3 from environmental samples had dates of collection in May 2014 (Kaduna) and July 2012 (Kano) respectively4.ES was initiated in Gombe State in December 2016. Four ES sites were identified and sample collection began soon after training of personnel responsible for collection of the sewage sample. The four identified ES sites are Baba Roba Valley, Unguwauku Railway Bridge, Gadan Bayan Moonshine and Dan Gusau Bridge. Since inception of ES in Gombe State, 2 ambiguous Vaccine Derived Poliovirus type 2 (aVDPV2) were confirmed from sewage samples collected from Baba Roba Valley site on the 30th January 2017 and from Dan Gusau Bridge site on the 6th March 2017. In 2018, a circulating Vaccine Derived Poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) was also detected from sewage samples collected on the 9th April 2018 from Baba Roba Valley site. We reviewed the laboratory results from the 2 surveillance methods so as to evaluate the VDPV2 isolation rate.MethodsES involves collection of one litre of environmental sample (sewage water) via grab sampling method in accordance with World Health Organization’s (WHO) Guidelines for Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses2. All ES sewage samples were transported in a 1 litre container appropriately packaged in a Giostyle with 8 frozen icepacks to maintain reverse cold chain to a Polio Laboratory where the samples are analyzed as per WHO ES testing standard operating procedures. Poliovirus type 2 isolates are sent to the reference laboratory at the US Centre for Disease Control for sequencing for PV isolation.We reviewed all the results of the environmental samples (ES) and stool samples from patients with Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) from January 2017 to June 2018. The environmental samples were from five pre-selected sites that was based on the perceived risks for polio circulation that included poor sanitation, overcrowding, extend of drainage population, availability of sewage system and absence of discharge into the sites. The stool samples were from patients detected with AFP in Gombe local government area.The results from the two methods of surveillance for PV were evaluated and compared based on yields and isolates (Negative results, VDPV2, Non-polio enterovirus (NPENT).ResultsA total of 309 sewage samples from five (5) sites and 142 AFP stool samples from Gombe LGA were collected from January 2017 to June 2018. Three 3(0.97%) of the sewage samples yielded VDPV2, 102(33.01%) had Non-polio enteroviruses (NPENT) and 41 (13.27%) negative samples. On the other hand, no VDPV was isolated from the AFP stool samples, the NPENT detection rate was 13(9.16%) and 121(85.21%) samples were negative. The Non-polio AFP (NPAFP) and stool adequacy rates for Gombe LGA during the reporting period were calculated to be 17.2 and 100% respectively.ConclusionsThe polio virus (VDPV) isolation from ES in this review is higher than in AFP surveillance. This has demonstrated amongst others benefit of ES its ability to detect polio virus even in the absence of the virus among AFP cases. ES can thus detect virus that are probably missed by AFP surveillance and hence allow for early response so as to curtail further transmission. The high NPAFP and stool adequacy rates are indication of a sensitive surveillance system nonetheless, the virus isolation from the AFP surveillance was very low. It is important to mention here that other laboratory indicators were not factored into this review. We recommend therefore that both ES and AFP surveillance be done together where facility, resources and personnel are available to implement.References[1] WHO. Field guide for supplementary activities aimed at achieving polio eradication, publication no. WHO/EPI/GEN/95.1. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.[2] WHO. Guidelines for environmental surveillance of poliovirus circulation. World Health Organization 2003,Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, 2003. (http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DoxGen/H5-Surv.htm). Accessed 6 October 2010.[3] Nicksy Gumede et al. Status of environmental surveillance in the African Regional. African health monitor. March 2015 Issue 19: Pg 38-41[4] Ticha Johnson Muluh et al. Contribution of Environmental Surveillance Toward Interruption of Poliovirus Transmission in Nigeria, 2012–2015. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 213, Issue suppl_3, 1 May 2016, Pages S131–S135, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv767[5] Humayun Ashgar et al. Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 210, Issue suppl_1, 1 November 2014, Pages S294–S303, https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026881000316X

Bat and lyssavirus exposure among humans in area that celebrates bat festival, Nigeria, 2010 and 2013

Using questionnaires and serologic testing, we evaluated bat and lyssavirus exposure among persons in an area of Nigeria that celebrates a bat festival. Bats from festival caves underwent serologic testing for phylogroup II lyssaviruses (Lagos bat virus, Shimoni bat virus, Mokola virus). The enrolled households consisted of 2,112 persons, among whom 213 (10%) were reported to have ever had bat contact (having touched a bat, having been bitten by a bat, or having been scratched by a bat) and 52 (2%) to have ever been bitten by a bat. Of 203 participants with bat contact, 3 (1%) had received rabies vaccination. No participant had neutralizing antibodies to phylogroup II lyssaviruses, but ≥50% of bats had neutralizing antibodies to these lyssaviruses. Even though we found no evidence of phylogroup II lyssavirus exposure among humans, persons interacting with bats in the area could benefit from practicing bat-related health precautions