Biological characteristics of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are influenced by the number of females exposed per pupa of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

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Combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae with chemical insecticides and their effectiveness in Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control on sugarcane

Some insecticides can be used jointly with entomopathogenic fungi, and therefore the combi- nation of chemical and biological control measures can be a safe and effective method to con- trol insect pests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the costs and efficacy of combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) with thiameth- oxam and imidacloprid on spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål); Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control on sugarcane. The experiment was conducted as a randomized block design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included a control (untreated), thia- −1 −1 12 −1 methoxam (250 g ha ), imidacloprid (700 g ha ), M. anisopliae (M. a.) (3 × 10 conidia ha ), A1 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 65 g ha −1 of thiamethoxam), A2 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 125 g ha −1 of thiamethoxam), A3 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 187.5 g ha −1 of thiamethoxam), A4 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 175 g ha −1 of imidacloprid), A5 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 350 g ha −1 of imidacloprid), and A6 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 525g ha −1 of imidacloprid). The reductions in the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment compared to the control were similar at 15 DAT (days after treatment) in all treatments except combination A5 (M. anisopliae and thiamethoxam). At 30 DAT, the numbers of nymphs were significantly reduced in all treatments except A3, and their effectiveness ranged from 14.28% to 92.85%. At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha -1 , A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively. At 75 DAT the 2 best control efficacies occurred in treatments A1 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha -1 of + 65g ha -1 of thiamethoxam) (82.1%) and A5 (78.6%) (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 350 g ha −1 of imidacloprid). At 90 DAT the number of nymphs in the control had increased 2.8 fold over the number at 75 DAT. Very good control efficacies at 90 DAT occurred in all treatments with the combination of the fungus with an insecticide. At 105 DAT the numbers of nymphs had surged in all treatments, and no treatment provided effective control. The treatments with the highest earnings per hectare were A1 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha -1 + 65 g thiamethoxam) and M. anisopliae alone at the recommended dose of 3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha -1 . Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of using either thiamethoxam or imidacloprid in combination with M. anisopliae to control M. fimbriolata nymphs on sugarcane, but greater net earnings per hectare occurred with the lowest rate of the thiamethoxam combination than with any of the imidacloprid combinations.Algunos insecticidas se puede utilizar con hongos entomopatógenos y por lo tanto, la aso- ciación de los controles químico y biológico puede ser una estrategia segura y eficaz para el control de insectos-plaga. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los costos y eficacia de combinaciones de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavi- cipitaceae) con insecticidas thiamethoxam e imidacloprid para el control de la chicharrita (Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål); Hemiptera: Cercopidae) en caña de azúcar . El experimento fue conducido en un delineamiento en bloques casualizados (DBC), con 10 tratamientos y 4 repeticiones. Los tratamientos que incluidos el control (sin tratamiento), thiamethoxam (250 g ha −1 ), imidacloprido (700 g ha −1 ), M. anisopliae (M.a.) (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 ), A1 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 65 g ha −1 de thiamethoxam), A2 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 125g ha −1 de thiamethoxam), A3 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 187.5 g ha −1 de thiamethoxam), A4 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M.a + 175 g ha −1 de imidacloprido), A5 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 350 g ha −1 de imidacloprido) y A6 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 525g ha −1 de imidacloprido). Las reducciones en el número de ninfas M. fimbriolata por tratamiento en comparación con el control fueron similares a los 15 DAT (días pos tratamiento) en todos los tratamientos excepto A5 combinación (M. anisopliae y thiamethoxam). A los 30 DAT, el número de ninfas se redujeron significativamente en todos los tratamientos, excepto A3, y su eficacia varió de 14,28% para 92,85%. A los 45 DAT, los números de ninfas M. fimbriolata por tratamiento se redujeron significativamente en los siguientes tratamientos: imidacloprido solo en 700 g ha -1 , A1, A2, A3, A4 y A6; y las combinaciones de A1 y A2 causaron la más bajo infestaciones de ninfas M. fimbriolata y sus tasas de eficacia fueron de 77,41 y 87,09%, respectivamente. A los 75 DAT, los 2 mejores eficacias de control se produjeron en tratamientos A1 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 65 g ha −1 de thiamethoxam) y A5 (78.6%) (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a.+ 350 g ha −1 de imidacloprido). A los 90 DAT, el número de ninfas en el control había aumentado 2,8 veces más el número a 75 DAT. Muy buenas eficacias de control en 90 DAT, se produjo en todos los tratamientos con la combinación del hongo con un insecticida. A los 105 DAT, el número de ninfas habían aumentado en todos los tratamientos, y ningún tratamiento había proporcionado un control efectivo. Los tratamientos con los mayores rendimientos hectárea fueron A1 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a.+ 65 g de thiamethoxam) y M. anisopliae solo a la dosis recomendada de 3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. Nuestros resultados demuestran la eficacia de thiamethoxam y imidacloprido en combinación con M. anisopliae para el control de ninfas M. fimbriolata en caña de azúcar, pero mayores beneficio neto por hectárea se produjeron con la tasa más baja de la combinación de thiamethoxam que con cualquiera de las combinaciones de imidacloprid

Parasitism and biological aspects of Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Erinnyis ello (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) pupae

Erinnyis ello is one of the main pests of the cassava crop, and its natural enemies including egg, caterpillar, and pupal parasitoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate parasitism and biological aspects of Tetrastichus howardi on E. ello pupae. In general, parasitism and emergence of T. howardi on E. ello pupae was 64%. Cycle duration (egg to adult) of T. howardi on E. ello pupae was of 20.12±0.15 days at 25±2°C, 70±10% relative humidity, and 14-h photophase. The progeny of T. howardi by E. ello pupae was of 466±0.44. Longevity of T. howardi females and males was of 15±0.57 and 12±0.93 days, respectively. The sex ratio was of 0.95±0.06, and the ratio of females per female was 44±0.45. T. howardi parasite and develops on E. ello pupae

Parasitism and biological aspects of Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Erinnyis ello (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) pupae

Erinnyis ello is one of the main pests of the cassava crop, and its natural enemies including egg, caterpillar, and pupal parasitoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate parasitism and biological aspects of Tetrastichus howardi on E. ello pupae. In general, parasitism and emergence of T. howardi on E. ello pupae was 64%. Cycle duration (egg to adult) of T. howardi on E. ello pupae was of 20.12±0.15 days at 25±2°C, 70±10% relative humidity, and 14-h photophase. The progeny of T. howardi by E. ello pupae was of 466±0.44. Longevity of T. howardi females and males was of 15±0.57 and 12±0.93 days, respectively. The sex ratio was of 0.95±0.06, and the ratio of females per female was 44±0.45. T. howardi parasite and develops on E. ello pupae

Combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae with chemical insecticides and their effectiveness in Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control on sugarcane

Some insecticides can be used jointly with entomopathogenic fungi, and therefore the combi- nation of chemical and biological control measures can be a safe and effective method to con- trol insect pests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the costs and efficacy of combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) with thiameth- oxam and imidacloprid on spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål); Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control on sugarcane. The experiment was conducted as a randomized block design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included a control (untreated), thia- −1 −1 12 −1 methoxam (250 g ha ), imidacloprid (700 g ha ), M. anisopliae (M. a.) (3 × 10 conidia ha ), A1 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 65 g ha −1 of thiamethoxam), A2 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 125 g ha −1 of thiamethoxam), A3 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 187.5 g ha −1 of thiamethoxam), A4 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 175 g ha −1 of imidacloprid), A5 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 350 g ha −1 of imidacloprid), and A6 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 525g ha −1 of imidacloprid). The reductions in the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment compared to the control were similar at 15 DAT (days after treatment) in all treatments except combination A5 (M. anisopliae and thiamethoxam). At 30 DAT, the numbers of nymphs were significantly reduced in all treatments except A3, and their effectiveness ranged from 14.28% to 92.85%. At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha -1 , A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively. At 75 DAT the 2 best control efficacies occurred in treatments A1 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha -1 of + 65g ha -1 of thiamethoxam) (82.1%) and A5 (78.6%) (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 350 g ha −1 of imidacloprid). At 90 DAT the number of nymphs in the control had increased 2.8 fold over the number at 75 DAT. Very good control efficacies at 90 DAT occurred in all treatments with the combination of the fungus with an insecticide. At 105 DAT the numbers of nymphs had surged in all treatments, and no treatment provided effective control. The treatments with the highest earnings per hectare were A1 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha -1 + 65 g thiamethoxam) and M. anisopliae alone at the recommended dose of 3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha -1 . Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of using either thiamethoxam or imidacloprid in combination with M. anisopliae to control M. fimbriolata nymphs on sugarcane, but greater net earnings per hectare occurred with the lowest rate of the thiamethoxam combination than with any of the imidacloprid combinations.Algunos insecticidas se puede utilizar con hongos entomopatógenos y por lo tanto, la aso- ciación de los controles químico y biológico puede ser una estrategia segura y eficaz para el control de insectos-plaga. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los costos y eficacia de combinaciones de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavi- cipitaceae) con insecticidas thiamethoxam e imidacloprid para el control de la chicharrita (Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål); Hemiptera: Cercopidae) en caña de azúcar . El experimento fue conducido en un delineamiento en bloques casualizados (DBC), con 10 tratamientos y 4 repeticiones. Los tratamientos que incluidos el control (sin tratamiento), thiamethoxam (250 g ha −1 ), imidacloprido (700 g ha −1 ), M. anisopliae (M.a.) (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 ), A1 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 65 g ha −1 de thiamethoxam), A2 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 125g ha −1 de thiamethoxam), A3 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 187.5 g ha −1 de thiamethoxam), A4 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M.a + 175 g ha −1 de imidacloprido), A5 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 350 g ha −1 de imidacloprido) y A6 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 525g ha −1 de imidacloprido). Las reducciones en el número de ninfas M. fimbriolata por tratamiento en comparación con el control fueron similares a los 15 DAT (días pos tratamiento) en todos los tratamientos excepto A5 combinación (M. anisopliae y thiamethoxam). A los 30 DAT, el número de ninfas se redujeron significativamente en todos los tratamientos, excepto A3, y su eficacia varió de 14,28% para 92,85%. A los 45 DAT, los números de ninfas M. fimbriolata por tratamiento se redujeron significativamente en los siguientes tratamientos: imidacloprido solo en 700 g ha -1 , A1, A2, A3, A4 y A6; y las combinaciones de A1 y A2 causaron la más bajo infestaciones de ninfas M. fimbriolata y sus tasas de eficacia fueron de 77,41 y 87,09%, respectivamente. A los 75 DAT, los 2 mejores eficacias de control se produjeron en tratamientos A1 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 65 g ha −1 de thiamethoxam) y A5 (78.6%) (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a.+ 350 g ha −1 de imidacloprido). A los 90 DAT, el número de ninfas en el control había aumentado 2,8 veces más el número a 75 DAT. Muy buenas eficacias de control en 90 DAT, se produjo en todos los tratamientos con la combinación del hongo con un insecticida. A los 105 DAT, el número de ninfas habían aumentado en todos los tratamientos, y ningún tratamiento había proporcionado un control efectivo. Los tratamientos con los mayores rendimientos hectárea fueron A1 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a.+ 65 g de thiamethoxam) y M. anisopliae solo a la dosis recomendada de 3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. Nuestros resultados demuestran la eficacia de thiamethoxam y imidacloprido en combinación con M. anisopliae para el control de ninfas M. fimbriolata en caña de azúcar, pero mayores beneficio neto por hectárea se produjeron con la tasa más baja de la combinación de thiamethoxam que con cualquiera de las combinaciones de imidacloprid

Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) are Compatible with Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of commercially available bioinsecticides based on Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) ® ® ® Vuillemin, i.e., Biometha WP Plus (M. anisopliae), Biovéria G (B bassiana), Boverril WP ® ® (B. bassiana), Metarril WP (M. anisopliae), and Metiê WP (M. anisopliae) on the pupae and adults of Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at concentrations of 1 9 9 9 −1 × 10 , 5 × 10 , and 10 × 10 conidia mL . This braconid is released to control the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. In the completely randomized first experiment with each commercial product, 10 C. flavipes female adults were held individually in disposable cups, 2 which contained a 9-cm sugarcane leaf that had been treated with the one of the entomopathogenic fungal products. The mortality of C. flavipes females was assessed at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after treatment. In the second experiment, the same treatments were applied to C. flavipes pupae, because the latter can be exposed when the fungal products are applied to sugarcane to control various pests. In the second experiment we assessed the emergence of adults from treated pupae, the capacity of these adults to parasitize Diatraea saccharalis caterpillars, numbers of progeny of these C. flavipes, longevity of C. flavipes males and females, total adults emerged, and the percent emergence and longevity of males and females of the F1 generation. The mortality levels of C. flavipes pupae and adults were not affected by the 2 Entomopathogenic fungi. Therefore the use of Beauveria bassiana and M. anisopliae to protect sugarcane is compatible with the use of C. flavipes to suppress D. saccharalis.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de bioinseticidas comercialmente disponíveis com base em Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin e Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Biometha WP Plus ® (M. anisopliae), Biovéria G ® (B bassiana), Boverril WP ® (B. bassiana), Metarril WP ® (M. anisopliae), e Metiê WP ® (M. anisopliae) em pupas e adultos de Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) nas concentrações de 1 × 10 9 , 5 × 10 9 e 10 × 10 9 con.mL -1 . No primeiro experimento, para cada produto comercial, dez fêmeas de C. flavipes foram individualizadas em copos descartáveis e sua superfície de contato dentro (9 cm 2 folha de cana de açúcar) foram tratados com o produto. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com 16 tratamentos e cinco repetições, cada repetição, incluindo 10 fêmeas. A mortalidade das fêmeas de C. flavipes foi avaliada depois de 24, 48, 72, 96, e 120 horas após o tratamento com os produtos. No segundo experimento DIC, os bioinseticidas e as concentrações foram mantidas as mesmas que no primeiro experimento, com 16 tratamentos e 10 repetições, cada repetição usando um número de pupas com um potencial de emergência de 50 C. flavipes adultos. A emergência, o parasitismo, a progênie, a longevidade de machos e fêmeas, o total de adultos emergidos, e a longevidade de machos e fêmeas da geração filial (F1) deste parasitoide foram avaliados. A mortalidade de pupas e adultos de C. flavipes não foi afetada pelos fungos. B. bassiana e M. anisopliae são compatíveis com o parasitoide C. flavipes, permitindo assim a associação dessas duas formas de controle

Isolados de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) para controle de Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The selection of entomopathogenic fungus that is a necessary to know the efficiency of different isolates and one can choose the most suitable for use in biological control programs. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (UFGD 03, UFGD 05, UFGD UFGD 07 and UFGD 22), obtained in Mato Grosso do Sul on the Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius. The experimental trial consisted of a completely randomized design with five treatments and 10 repetitions with 5 caterpillars standardized size in each repetition. In general, M. anisopliae affects the life cycle of D. saccharalis and development of this pest is affected by the fungus. The percentage of caterpillars that pupae ranged from 64.00% to 88.60%. Treatment with isolated UFGD 03 had a higher percentage of dead pupae (68.00%) compared to other isolates tested and compared to the control value (11.00%). The adult emergence of D. saccharalis was 87.02% in the control. In the treatments with the fungus, there was a variation of 35.20%, 38.00%, 40.00%, 52.80% provided by isolates UFGD 22, UFGD 03, UFGD 05 and UFGD 07, respectivelyA seleção de fungos entomopatogênicos é necessária para que se conheça a eficiência de diferentes isolados e se possa eleger o mais adequado para sua utilização em programas de controle biológico. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência dos isolados de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (UFGD 03, UFGD 05, UFGD 07 e UFGD 22), obtidos em Mato Grosso do Sul, em Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius. O ensaio experimental foi composto por um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 tratamentos e 10 repetições, com 5 lagartas padronizadas por tamanho em cada repetição. De maneira geral, M. anisopliae afetou o ciclo biológico de D. saccharalis e o desenvolvimento desta praga é afetado pelo fungo. A percentagem de lagartas que empuparam variou de 64,00% a 88,60%. O tratamento com o isolado UFGD 03 apresentou maior percentagem de pupas mortas (68,00%) em relação aos demais isolados testados e quando comparado ao valor da testemunha (11,00%). A emergência dos adultos de D. saccharalis foi de 87,02% na testemunha. Nos tratamentos com o fungo, houve variação de 35,20%, 38,00%, 40,00%, 52,80% proporcionada pelos isolados UFGD 22, UFGD 03, UFGD 05 e UFGD 07, respectivamente

Isolados de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) para controle de Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The selection of entomopathogenic fungus that is a necessary to know the efficiency of different isolates and one can choose the most suitable for use in biological control programs. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (UFGD 03, UFGD 05, UFGD UFGD 07 and UFGD 22), obtained in Mato Grosso do Sul on the Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius. The experimental trial consisted of a completely randomized design with five treatments and 10 repetitions with 5 caterpillars standardized size in each repetition. In general, M. anisopliae affects the life cycle of D. saccharalis and development of this pest is affected by the fungus. The percentage of caterpillars that pupae ranged from 64.00% to 88.60%. Treatment with isolated UFGD 03 had a higher percentage of dead pupae (68.00%) compared to other isolates tested and compared to the control value (11.00%). The adult emergence of D. saccharalis was 87.02% in the control. In the treatments with the fungus, there was a variation of 35.20%, 38.00%, 40.00%, 52.80% provided by isolates UFGD 22, UFGD 03, UFGD 05 and UFGD 07, respectivelyA seleção de fungos entomopatogênicos é necessária para que se conheça a eficiência de diferentes isolados e se possa eleger o mais adequado para sua utilização em programas de controle biológico. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência dos isolados de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (UFGD 03, UFGD 05, UFGD 07 e UFGD 22), obtidos em Mato Grosso do Sul, em Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius. O ensaio experimental foi composto por um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 tratamentos e 10 repetições, com 5 lagartas padronizadas por tamanho em cada repetição. De maneira geral, M. anisopliae afetou o ciclo biológico de D. saccharalis e o desenvolvimento desta praga é afetado pelo fungo. A percentagem de lagartas que empuparam variou de 64,00% a 88,60%. O tratamento com o isolado UFGD 03 apresentou maior percentagem de pupas mortas (68,00%) em relação aos demais isolados testados e quando comparado ao valor da testemunha (11,00%). A emergência dos adultos de D. saccharalis foi de 87,02% na testemunha. Nos tratamentos com o fungo, houve variação de 35,20%, 38,00%, 40,00%, 52,80% proporcionada pelos isolados UFGD 22, UFGD 03, UFGD 05 e UFGD 07, respectivamente