Herbicidas com potencial para dessecação em pré-semeadura na cultura do algodão

Although efficient, there are few options for selective herbicides applied in pre-emergence for cotton cultivation, with applications being carried out with products that result, in some situations, in phytotoxicity in the culture and resulting in low fiber quality and cotton yield. Therefore, the objective was to determine potential herbicides to replace paraquat, to be used in the desiccation of areas in pre-sowing of the cotton crop, evaluating the carryover effect. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Teaching and Research Farm (FEPE), belonging to UniBRAS – Faculdade Rio Verde. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks in a 9x3 factorial scheme with four replications, consisting of nine treatments and three times of application of the treatments (14, 7 and 0 days before sowing) in the cotton crop. At 35 days after sowing, biometric and physiological evaluations of the culture were performed. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and the cases of significance were analyzed using the Tukey mean comparison test (p<0.05). Glufosinate applied alone and the mixtures between Glufosinate + Glyphosate and Carfentrazone + Glyphosate showed promise as potential herbicides to replace paraquat, to be used in the desiccation of areas in pre-sowing of the cotton crop under the conditions of this test.Aunque eficientes, existen pocas opciones de herbicidas selectivos aplicados en preemergencia para el cultivo del algodón, realizándose aplicaciones con productos que resultan, en algunas situaciones, en fitotoxicidad en el cultivo y resultan en baja calidad de fibra y rendimiento de algodón. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue determinar herbicidas potenciales para reemplazar al paraquat, para ser utilizados en la desecación de áreas en presiembra del cultivo de algodón, evaluando el efecto arrastre. El experimento fue realizado en el área experimental de la Granja de Enseñanza e Investigación (FEPE), perteneciente a la UniBRAS – Faculdade Rio Verde. El diseño experimental utilizado fue en bloques al azar en esquema factorial 9x3 con cuatro repeticiones, constando de nueve tratamientos y tres tiempos de aplicación de los tratamientos (14, 7 y 0 días antes de la siembra) en el cultivo de algodón. A los 35 días después de la siembra se realizaron evaluaciones biométricas y fisiológicas del cultivo. Los datos obtenidos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y los casos de significancia se analizaron mediante la prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey (p<0,05). El Glufosinato aplicado solo y las mezclas entre Glufosinato + Glifosato y Carfentrazona + Glifosato se mostraron prometedores como herbicidas potenciales para reemplazar al paraquat, para ser utilizados en la desecación de áreas en presiembra del cultivo de algodón bajo las condiciones de esta prueba.Apesar de eficientes, há poucas opções de herbicidas seletivos aplicados em pré-emergência para a cultua do algodão, sendo realizadas aplicações com produtos que resultam, em algumas situações, em fitotoxidade na cultura e resultando em uma baixa qualidade de fibra e rendimento do algodoeiro. Portanto, objetivou-se determinar potenciais herbicidas em substituição ao paraquat, para serem utilizados na dessecação de áreas em pré-semeadura da cultura do algodão, avaliando-se o efeito carryouver. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa (FEPE), pertencente à UniBRAS – Faculdade Rio Verde. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 9x3 com quatro repetições, composto por nove tratamentos e três épocas de aplicação dos tratamentos (14, 7 e 0 dias antes da semeadura) na cultura do algodão. Aos 35 dias após a semeadura foi realizada avaliações biométricas e fisiológicas da cultura. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância e os casos de significância foram analisados pelo teste de comparação de média Tukey (p<0,05). O Glufosinate aplicado isolado e as misturas entre Glufosinato + Glyphosate e Carfentrazona + Glyphosate mostraram-se promissores como potenciais herbicidas em substituição ao paraquat, para serem utilizados na dessecação de áreas em pré-semeadura da cultura do algodão nas condições deste ensaio

ATENÇÃO FARMACÊUTICA NO CONTEXTO DO TRATAMENTO DE TABAGISTAS:: ESTUDO DE CASO

Medicamentos são substâncias químicas que, quando em doses terapêuticas, atuam no organismo contribuindo para homeostase. Em contrapartida, sabe-se que a associação de dois ou mais fármacos pode acarretar alterações em seu mecanismo de atuação, conduzindo a riscos de toxicidade acompanhados de prejuízos à saúde por meio das interações medicamentosas. Objetiva-se estudar a atenção farmacêutica no contexto do tratamento de tabagistas. Na presente pesquisa foi realizado seguimento farmacoterapêutico de um paciente atendido em grupo de tratamento de tabagistas do município de Campina Grande, Paraíba. O tabagista em tratamento voluntário, sexo masculino, 52 anos, infartado, usuário dos medicamentos trimetazidina, bissulfato de clopidogrel, ácido acetilsalicílico, atorvastatina cálcica, oxalato de escitalopram, ramipril e succinato de metoprolol. Foi prescrito Bupropiona para tratamento do tabagismo. No acompanhamento da evolução foi utilizado o método Dáder, participação em grupos de apoio para resolução dos Problemas Relacionados a Medicamentos (PRMs) e aprimoramento da prática de atenção farmacêutica. Observaram-se riscos à saúde decorrentes da interação entre fármacos, fazendo-se necessárias estratégias que proporcionem segurança à utilização dos mesmos. Foi suspensa bupropiona e realizada a abordagem cognitiva comportamental. No relato, o tabagista em tratamento recebeu orientações por meio da atenção farmacêutica fortalecendo e promovendo adesão ao tratamento sem utilização da medicação prescrita para tratamento de tabagistas. Conclui-se que a atenção farmacêutica tem potencial para se tornar indispensável no âmbito da saúde em virtude de promover saúde por realizar observação qualificada da atuação do

Effects of peripheral insulin resistance and diabetes in the rat ventral prostate

Orientadores: Rejane Maira Goes, Sebastião Roberto TabogaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: O diabetes mellitus leva a complicações em diversos órgãos, incluindo as glândulas acessórias do sistema genital masculino. Na próstata, é bem estabelecido que essa doença acarreta atrofia epitelial, mas ainda não é claro o seu efeito sobre os componentes estromais e sua associação com alterações patológicas. Esse estudo visa esclarecer três aspectos controversos referentes ao impacto do diabetes sobre a próstata: 1) como as condições metabólicas do diabetes crônico não tratado afeta o compartimento estromal, em especial os componentes da matriz extracelular; 2) as possíveis associações entre essa doença e a incidência de alterações neoplásicas e 3) examinar as alterações prostáticas causadas pela resistência à insulina em comparação com o diabetes. A resistência à insulina, induzida pela administração do glicocorticóide dexametasona (1mg mg/Kg pc, durante 5 dias) causa, em curto prazo, efeitos semelhantes aos do diabetes, tais como a atrofia epitelial e alteração fenotípica das células musculares lisas (cml). Contudo, esta situação difere do diabetes pela atrofia das cml e ativação dos fibroblastos. Os efeitos do diabetes (90 dias), induzido experimentalmente pela administração de aloxana (45 mg/Kg pc), foram examinados com microscopia de luz, imunocitoquímica e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Nesta situação experimental observou-se uma incidência de 64% de neoplasia intraepitelial (NIP) e 35% de adenocarcinoma. Também se verificou uma ampla variação da resposta histológica da próstata entre os indivíduos diabéticos. Assim, três grupos foram diferenciados segundo a gravidade das alterações teciduais: 1) modificações leves; 2) intensa atrofia e 3) ocorrência de lesões pré-malignas (NIP e atrofia inflamatória proliferativa- PIA) e malignas (adenocarcinomas). Nos dois primeiros grupos, a remodelação estromal caracteriza-se por um aumento da espessura da membrana basal acinar, maior ocorrência de colágeno e de grandes proteoglicanos de condroitim sulfato. Esses dados em conjunto indicam que o diabetes induzido experimentalmente modifica o ambiente estromal de maneira a favorecer o desenvolvimento de lesões patológicas na próstata. Devido a complexidade das interações metabólicas relacionadas ao diabetes, torna-se difícil definir os principais fatores responsáveis pelas alterações acima mencionadas. Entretanto, é possível afirmar os efeitos prejudiciais da resistência à insulina e do diabetes para a morfofisiológica prostáticaAbstract: Diabetes mellitus leads to complications in several organs including acessory glands of the male genital system. In the prostate, it is well established that diabetes causes epithelial atrophy, but its effects on the stromal components is not defined, as well as its relation with pathological alterations in the prostate. This study aims to elucidate three controversial aspects decurrent from the impact of diabetes in the prostate:1) How the metabolic conditions of chronic diabetes affects the stromal compartiment, specially extracellular matriz components; 2) the possible association between diabetes and prostatic neoplasic alterations and 3) Evaluate prostatic changes caused by insulin resistence in comparison to diabetes. Insulin resistence, induced by administration of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (1mg mg/Kg bw, 5 days) causes, in short term, similar effects to diabetes, such as epithelial atrophy and phenotypical alteration in the smooth muscle cells (smc). However, this situation is different from diabetes regarding the smc atrophy and fibroblast activation. The effects of chronic diabetes (90 days), induced experimentally by alloxan (45 mg/Kg bw), were examined by light microscopy, imunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. In this experimental situation, it was observed the incidence of 64% of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 35% of adenocarcinoma. It was also analysed a wide variation in the histological answer between diabetic individuals. Thus, three groups was determined according to the severity of their tissue alterations: 1) light modifications; 2) intense atrophy and 3) occurency of pre-malignant (PIN and proliferative inflammaotry atrophy- PIA) and malignant lesions (adenocarcinoma). In the first two groups, the stromal remodelation characterize for thickning of acini basement membrane, higher distribution of collagen and large proteoglycans of chondroitin sulphate. Together these data indicates that induced diabetes changes the stromal environment and consequently promotes the development of pathological lesions in the prostate. Due to the complexity of metabolic interactions related to diabetes, it is not possible to define the main factors responsible for those changes above mentioned. However, it is possible to confirm the injurious effects of insulin resistence and diabetes for the prostatic morfophisiologyDoutoradoBiologia CelularDoutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutura

Diabetes induces stromal remodelling and increase in chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans of the rat ventral prostate

P>Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is an important process involved in prostate cancer progression. Alterations in ECM caused by diabetes in different tissues such as kidney is well described; however, it is poorly investigated in prostate. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in ECM of rat prostate showing gland atrophy caused by diabetes and their implications in development of malignant lesions. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats using alloxan (45 mg/kg bw). After 90 days of diabetes onset, animals were killed and ventral prostate was removed and prepared for light microscopy following immunoreaction for fibronectin, chondroitin sulphate and Picrossirius staining for collagen fibres. Proteoglycans (PG) were identified at transmission electron microscopy after fixation with Cuprolinic Blue. Diabetes led to a thickening of 25% in the acinar basement membrane accompanied by increase and disorganization of its proteoglycans (P1). Three additional populations of prostatic stromal PGs were identified: collagen fibril linked (P2) and interstitial (P3) and (P4) PGs. Diabetes increased P3 and mainly P4 which had higher dimension and accumulated around the smooth muscle cells. In addition, an increase in chondrotin sulphate (33%, mainly in sites where P4 were noted) and collagen (44%) was noted in diabetic rats, whereas fibronectin did not change. Atrophic changes observed in rat ventral prostate after diabetes are accompanied by stromal remodelation related to increase in collagen and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans. Thus, diabetes can promote a stromal microenvironment rich in elements that could favour cell migration, proliferation and pathological process.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Short-term stromal alterations in the rat ventral prostate following alloxan-induced diabetes and the influence of insulin replacement

The stromal microenvironment is pivotal to prostate physiology and malign transformation. Diabetes leads to testosterone withdrawal and affects the prostate stromal compartment and smooth muscle cells in a similar way to that observed after castration. However the response of these cells and their involvement in extracellular matrix remodeling is not satisfactorily understood. We investigated the changes caused in the short term (one week) by alloxan-induced diabetes in the stromal components of the rat ventral prostate (VP) with an emphasis on morphological alterations of stromal cells, their conversion to a myofibroblast phenotype and the remodeling of extracellular matrix and the influence of insulin therapy. Adult male Wistar rats were assigned into untreated diabetic (n = 12), insulin-treated (n = 8) diabetic and control (n = 10) groups. Diabetes was induced by means of the injection of alloxan (40 mg/kg b.w.), while the control animals received saline solution only. Insulin (5 UI) was administered daily for one week after diabetes diagnosis. Testosterone and estrogen plasma levels were determined. VP was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. The main stromal cells were identified by means of light microscopy, using immunocytochemistry for specific markers - vimentin for fibroblasts, a-actin for smooth muscle cells (smc) and vimentin/calponin for myofibroblasts, following the estimation of their relative frequency and absolute volume by means of stereology. After one week diabetes led to a marked decrease in testosterone levels and an atrophy of about 35% in the VP. The relative frequency of smc and collagen fibers increased in the VP of diabetic rats but their absolute weight remained unchanged. Experimental diabetes promptly altered smc morphology which assumed at the ultrastructural level a shrunken appearance with the approximation of cytoplasmic dense bodies and also exhibited a decreased immunoreactivity to calponin. The conversion of stromal cells to a myofibroblast phenotype did not occur in alloxan-induced diabetes, as evaluated by double immunoreaction to calponin and vimentin. Insulin treatment maintained testosterone levels and preserved at least partly the cell morphology and collagen fiber organization of the prostate stroma in short-term diabetes. The apparent collagen increase observed by means of microscopic analysis in the stromal prostate compartment in the short term after diabetes is mainly associated with gland atrophy and does not involve the formation of new collagen fibers, the generation of myofibroblast-like cells or the acquisition of a secretory phenotype by stromal cells. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Surgical and chemical castration induce differential histological response in prostate lobes of Mongolian gerbil

The present study describes the short-term alterations in the prostate ventral and dorsal lobe of the adult Mongolian gerbil, in response to two different androgen suppression approaches. Groups (n = 6) of 16-week-old gerbils were maintained intact or subjected, either to the bilateral surgical castration I week previously or to daily subcutaneous injections of Flutamide (10 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. The main microscopic features of both prostate lobes in these groups were compared using conventional paraffin tissue sections, measurements of acinar epithelial height and stereological data of main gland components (acini, collagen fibers and fibromuscular stroma). Marked alterations were observed in the basement membrane of the ventral lobe after both surgical and chemical castration, such as an increase in thickness and collagen staining. A low degree of epithelial atrophy was detected in the dorsal lobe following both androgen suppression approaches in comparison with that found in the ventral lobe, indicating that this lobe is not so responsive to testosterone ablation induced by castration or Flutamide treatment, at least insofar as secretory activity is concerned. However, the dorsal lobe exhibited marked stromal modification, such as an increase in collagen fibers following castration and an increase in fibromuscular stroma following Flutamide-treatment. Thus, the histological and quantitative data indicates a differential short-term response of the prostate dorsal lobe to surgical castration and Flutamide therapy, suggesting the existence of lobe-specific mechanisms for stromal remodeling. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

High fat-induced obesity associated with insulin-resistance increases FGF-2 content and causes stromal hyperplasia in rat ventral prostate

Obesity affects sex hormone secretion, which can negatively influence prostatic structure, homeostasis, and disease. This investigation aimed to evaluate the repercussions of obesity induced by a high-fat diet on the rat prostate, with or without treatment with the aromatase inhibitor, Letrozole. Adult Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (20% saturated fat, O) for 15 weeks to induce obesity or received a balanced diet (4% fat, C). Then, a group of C and O rats were daily treated with Letrozole (1 mg/kg b.w. per day) for 2 weeks (CL and OL, respectively). Subsequently, ventral prostate was processed for analysis by transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. Obesity decreased 70% of the testosterone plasma level. The prostate showed epithelial atrophy and dilated acini in the intermediate portion and epithelial wrinkling in the distal tips. The relative frequency of smooth muscle alpha-actin in the O group increased by 67%. Ultrastructurally, epithelial cells in obese animals presented altered secretory organelles, lipid droplets, and thicker subjacent fibromuscular layer. Letrozole treatment caused a partial restoration of the prostatic changes caused by obesity. Obesity increased the prostatic content of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) by 150%, and Letrozole treatment increased this protein even more in the control and obese groups. This investigation shows that obesity provokes structural and ultrastructural changes in the epithelium of rat prostate; these changes might affect gland homeostasis and physiology. The epithelial and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and increased FGF-2 expression observed in this experimental model of obesity/insulin-resistance might explain the high frequency of benign prostatic hyperplasia in insulin-resistant men