Transfer Pricing in the European Union

The transfer pricing mechanism is a tool commonly used to transfer the tax base from countries with high taxation in countries with low taxation. In the European Union, this financial operations generate significant tax revenue losses. In an attempt to limit the handling of corporate tax systems, many public authorities have introduced regulations on transfer pricing, but the effectiveness of these rules has proved limited, and they contributed to the increasing complexity of tax laws and to the appearance of additional costs for companies. A solution to the solving of the transfer pricing problem in the European Union is represented by the introduction of the common consolidated corporate tax base

FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE PENSION SYSTEM

Currently, public pension systems PAY-AS-YOU-GO (PAYG) from more countries in the world based solely on solidarity between generations are facing increasingly difficult problems to solve. Causes due to evolution. And demographic trends of aging while reducing the birth rate, increasing the average lifetime, inflation, growing costs in the period following the early post active retirement. Last but not least, reducing the dependency ratio, meaning the decrease number of taxpayers while increasing number of retirees.financial crisis, pension crisis, pension systems, pension system reform,demographic evolution

The Roll of NaPSS Surfactant on the Ceria Nanoparticles Embedding in Polypyrrole Films

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) in crystalline form have been synthesized by a coprecipitation method. CeO2 nanoparticles were then embedded in polypyrrole (PPy) films during the electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) on titanium substrate. The influence of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) surfactant used during polymerization on the embedding of CeO2 NPs in polypyrrole films was investigated. The new films were characterized in terms of surface analysis, wettability, electrochemical behaviour, and antibacterial effect. The surface and electrochemical characterization revealed the role of surfactant on PPy doping process cerium oxide incorporation. In the presence of surfactant, CeO2 NPs are preferentially embedded in the polymeric film while, without surfactant, the ceria nanoparticles are quasiuniformly spread as agglomerates onto polymeric films. The antibacterial effect of studied PPy films was substantially improved in the presence of cerium oxide and depends by the polymerization conditions

A study concerning the quality of spices processed in a profile unit

Along with mankind evolution, the food needs of the population have turned to improved nutrition, which led to the use of spices to enhance the taste and flavour of dishes. Thus, the food industry is currently confronted with the problem of meeting consumer demands, and is trying to respond positively to their specific food requirements. Besides the aromatization function of the dishes, some spices have antiseptic and antioxidant properties, favouring digestion as well. In the present study, the qualitative analysis of spices used in the meat processing industry was followed and some of the spices used in a meat processing unit being also presented. A number of 30 spice samples represented by pepper, sweet paprika, granulated garlic and thyme were analysed, organoleptically, physicochemically (moisture, granulation, percentage of impurities, heavy metal residues and mycotoxins) and microbiological (NTG, Salmonella spp., E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds). Regarding organoleptic parameters, the spices taken in the study are in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications, being in line with the legal provisions in force. Following the analysis of the physico-chemical parameters of the spices, no exceedances of standard values were observed, the products complying with the provisions imposed by current legislation. A medium moisture value of 5.03% was recorded for the grinded white pepper, and 4.1% for sweet paprika, both being within the admissible values. For six samples of sweet paprika were analysed included contaminants (Pb, Cd, Aflatoxin B, Ochratoxin A), the results being within the limits of admissibility, according to Regulations (EC) in force (Regulation EC No. 1881/2006, Regulation EC No. 165/2010, Regulation EC No. 594/2012). Regarding microbiological parameters, all analysed samples recorded values corresponding to the legal admissibility limits. As a result of the study, it has been found that a wide range of spices is used in the food industry and the programs of self-control and official control are respected and the results obtained are in line with the regulations in force

Study on the quality of table eggs obtained in a profile unit

The egg has a great nutritional value and is called "complete food". The study was conducted in an egg production unit located in southeastern Romania. In the current context of products available on the consumer market, this paper aims to highlight the importance of quality and freshness of the egg, using methods that are easy to perform and interpret, such as: exterior appreciation by visual examination of the egg shell and colour, density test in tap water, egg organoleptic examination to determine the freshness degree, vitelline index determination, pH determination and determination of the egg yolk colour using La Roche method. 25 samples of different quality, weight and laying data eggs were analysed. In addition, samples were also examined microbiologically for the presence of Salmonella spp., in shell or in content. Exterior examination revealed that the most common colour of the examined eggs shell was light brown (40%). Egg organoleptic examination indicated that all samples analysed had an appropriate odour and presented the white egg corresponding colour (white). Following the vitelline index and pH determination, it was concluded that 18 eggs (72%) were fresh and 7 eggs (28%) were within the upper limit of acceptability values. In conclusion, eggs produced on the farms of the study unit comply with the legal requirements for classification in category A and the corresponding weight categories. The study reconfirms that through nutritional values, the egg contributes to a balanced and healthy diet

Melatonin: A Silent Regulator of the Glucose Homeostasis

In the human organism, the circadian regulation of carbohydrates metabolism is essential for the glucose homeostasis and energy balance. Unbalances in glucose and insulin tissue and blood levels have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Melatonin, the pineal hormone, is the key mediator molecule for the integration between the cyclic environment and the circadian distribution of physiological and behavioral processes and for the optimization of energy balance and body weight regulation, events that are crucial for a healthy organism. This chapter reviews the interplay between melatonin modulatory physiological effects, glucose homeostasis and metabolic balance, from the endocrinology perspective. The tremendous effect of melatonin in the regulation of metabolic processes is observed from the chronobiology perspective, considering melatonin as a major synchronizer of the circadian internal order of the physiological processes involved in energy metabolism

TWHY CCCTB DISADVANTAGES LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

From its appearance, the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base generated numerous de-bates and controversies since its effects cannot be precisely measured. Two of the factors in the formula for allocating common consolidated corporate tax base are susceptible to disadvantage some Member States. This paper demonstrates, by a case study in Romania, that the tax sharing mechanism, through the payroll factor, disadvantages less developed countries of the European Union. These countries will record losses of corporate income tax revenues

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY IN ROMANIA

This paper deals with the issue of local autonomy in Romania, emphasizing both the theoretical and conceptual debates as well as the empirical analysis of the sufficient financing resources of the local authorities. The research aims to highlight certain characteristics of the local public finances in Romania that impact the ability of the local public authorities to respond to citizens' needs, in the context of good governance. This paper provokes reflections related to the structure of revenues of the local budgets in Romania given the financing deficit and raising the issue of diversifying the sources of revenues of the local public authorities