Polite vocabulary in the Javanese language of Surabaya

Surabaya and its surroundings are known for their peculiar dialect, which does not only exhibit very characteristic phonological and morphological features, but also has a politeness, honorific, and deferential system that has so far remained largely understudied. It is the aim of this paper to shed further light on the sociolinguistic situation of the Javanese dialect of the city of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia with a focus on the polite vocabulary (Krama, Krama Andhap, and Krama Inggil). Although to the Central Javanese ear, speakers of Surabayan Javanese sound discourteous, they by no means are impolite. After a general introduction about the linguistic situation in Surabaya, a brief typological summary of politeness systems throughout the world is given, which helps debunk the persistent language myth that speakers of Surabayan Javanese are rude. This paper will show that the dialect rather exhibits a binary T-V distinction in politeness similar to that in French and German, as opposed to the strict speech level system as found in Central Javanese, Korean, and Japanese. </p

Language contact : Malay influence on Thai

This thesis aims to investigate the linguistic influence of the Malay language including Indonesian and Javanese on the Thai language of Thailand. Up to the present, there has been only one thorough investigation on Malay loans in Thai that has also examined the tones resulting from Malay borrowings, which is a dissertation from 1997. ..

Pronominalsystem im Thai

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Thematik des Pronominalsystems in der thailändischen Sprache besprochen. Dazu ist zunächst der Begriff Pronomen zu definieren und die ThaiSprache in ihrer Struktur zu erläutern. Anschließend werden alle Arten von Pronomina der Reihe nach mit Beispielen aus der thailändischer Sprache erklärt, angefangen bei den Personalpronomina über Possessiva, Demonstrativa und Indefinitpronomina bis zu den Relativa und Interrogativa..

Analysis of free chlorine in aqueous solution at very low concentration with lateral flow tests.

Test strips are convenient tools for rapid, semi-quantitative analysis of a variety of parameters by dipping them for a few seconds in a sample solution followed by a simple colorimetric read-out. Their sensitivity is mainly determined by the reactivity of the test dyes on the reaction zone and is not sufficient for some applications. The detection limit of commercially available free chlorine test strips, for example, is at present not low enough to confirm the absence of this analyte as disinfectant in rinsing solutions after disinfection or to control required residual amounts of chlorine in drinking water. Therefore, we developed a user-friendly lateral flow test which is capable to detect very low amounts of free chlorine. The latter relies on a larger sample volume passing the reaction zone as compared to simple dip test strips. An amount of as low as 0.05 ppm chlorine can, however, only be detected if oxidation stable flow test substrates are used. The eventually developed flow test reaches a 10x higher sensitivity than a commercial dip test. The result is obtained within 4-5 min flow time, whereby no action is required by the user during this analysis time