Activity of Genes with Functions in Human Williams-Beuren Syndrome Is Impacted by Mobile Element Insertions in the Gray Wolf Genome.

In canines, transposon dynamics have been associated with a hyper-social behavioral syndrome, although the functional mechanism has yet to be described. We investigate the epigenetic and transcriptional consequences of these behavior-associated mobile element insertions (MEIs) in dogs and Yellowstone gray wolves. We posit that the transposons themselves may not be the causative feature; rather, their transcriptional regulation may exert the functional impact. We survey four outlier transposons associated with hyper-sociability, with the expectation that they are targeted for epigenetic silencing. We predict hyper-methylation of MEIs, suggestive that the epigenetic silencing of and not the MEIs themselves may be driving dysregulation of nearby genes. We found that transposon-derived sequences are significantly hyper-methylated, regardless of their copy number or species. Further, we have assessed transcriptome sequence data and found evidence that MEIs impact the expression levels of six genes (WBSCR17, LIMK1, GTF2I, WBSCR27, BAZ1B, and BCL7B), all of which have known roles in human Williams-Beuren syndrome due to changes in copy number, typically hemizygosity. Although further evidence is needed, our results suggest that a few insertions alter local expression at multiple genes, likely through a cis-regulatory mechanism that excludes proximal methylation

High precision magnetoencephalography reveals increased right-inferior frontal gyrus beta power during response conflict

Flexibility of behavior and the ability to rapidly switch actions is critical for adaptive living in humans. It is well established that the right-inferior frontal gyrus (R-IFG) is recruited during outright action-stopping, relating to increased beta (12–30 Hz) power. It has also been posited that inhibiting incorrect response tendencies and switching is central to motor flexibility. However, it is not known if the commonly reported R-IFG beta signature of response inhibition in action-stopping is also recruited during response conflict, which would suggest overlapping networks for stopping and switching. In the current study, we analyzed high precision magnetoencephalography (hpMEG) data recorded with multiple within subject recording sessions (trials n > 10,000) from 8 subjects during different levels of response conflict. We hypothesized that a R-IFG-triggered network for response inhibition is domain general and therefore also involved in mediating response conflict. We tested whether R-IFG showed increased beta power dependent on the level of response conflict. Using event-related spectral perturbations and linear mixed modeling, we found that R-IFG beta power increased for response conflict trials. The R-IFG beta increase was specific to trials with strong response conflict, and increased R-IFG beta power related to less error. This supports a more generalized role for R-IFG beta, beyond simple stopping behavior towards response switching

Pediatric maxillofacial injuries at a Nigerian teaching hospital: A three-year review

Aim: To determine the nature of pediatric maxillofacial injuries, according to etiology and characteristics of patients.Materials and Methods: The records of patients aged 15 years and below who presented with maxillofacial trauma to the Maxillofacial Clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria over a 3-year period were retrospectively examined. Patients’ demographic and etiologic factors were obtained and analyzed. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant.Results: A total of 160 patients comprising males, 102 (63.8%) and females 58 (36.2%), were seen over the period of study. The age of patients range from 4 months to 15 years, mean 7.07 ± 4.52 years. There was no gender difference in terms of age (P < 0.05). Road traffic accident (RTA) was the most common etiologic factor accounting for 45.0% ofcases. This was followed by fall (40.6%). Animal related injury and violence accounted equally for 3.8%. Soft tissue injuries in the form of abrasion, laceration and avulsion accounted for 70.0% of cases. Other anatomical sites included the mandible (16.3%), dento-alveolar fractures(12.5%), and midface (1.3%).Conclusion: Road traffic accident and falls still remains the leading cause of maxillofacial injuries in children in this part of the globe. There is a need to reinforce existing traffic laws that aimed at minimizing the menace of RTA-related accidents.Key words: Maxillofacial injuries, Nigeria, pediatri

Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements

The psychological and neurobiological processes underlying moral judgement have been the focus of many recent empirical studies1–11. Of central interest is whether emotions play a causal role in moral judgement, and, in parallel, how emotion-related areas of the brain contribute to moral judgement. Here we show that six patients with focal bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), a brain region necessary for the normal generation of emotions and, in particular, social emotions12–14, produce an abnor- mally ‘utilitarian’ pattern of judgements on moral dilemmas that pit compelling considerations of aggregate welfare against highly emotionally aversive behaviours (for example, having to sacrifice one person’s life to save a number of other lives)7,8. In contrast, the VMPC patients’ judgements were normal in other classes of moral dilemmas. These findings indicate that, for a selective set of moral dilemmas, the VMPC is critical for normal judgements of right and wrong. The findings support a necessary role for emotion in the generation of those judgements

Elucidating the phylodynamics of endemic rabies virus in eastern Africa using whole-genome sequencing

Many of the pathogens perceived to pose the greatest risk to humans are viral zoonoses, responsible for a range of emerging and endemic infectious diseases. Phylogeography is a useful tool to understand the processes that give rise to spatial patterns and drive dynamics in virus populations. Increasingly, whole-genome information is being used to uncover these patterns, but the limits of phylogenetic resolution that can be achieved with this are unclear. Here, whole-genome variation was used to uncover fine-scale population structure in endemic canine rabies virus circulating in Tanzania. This is the first whole-genome population study of rabies virus and the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus in East Africa, providing important insights into rabies transmission in an endemic system. In addition, sub-continental scale patterns of population structure were identified using partial gene data and used to determine population structure at larger spatial scales in Africa. While rabies virus has a defined spatial structure at large scales, increasingly frequent levels of admixture were observed at regional and local levels. Discrete phylogeographic analysis revealed long-distance dispersal within Tanzania, which could be attributed to human-mediated movement, and we found evidence of multiple persistent, co-circulating lineages at a very local scale in a single district, despite on-going mass dog vaccination campaigns. This may reflect the wider endemic circulation of these lineages over several decades alongside increased admixture due to human-mediated introductions. These data indicate that successful rabies control in Tanzania could be established at a national level, since most dispersal appears to be restricted within the confines of country borders but some coordination with neighbouring countries may be required to limit transboundary movements. Evidence of complex patterns of rabies circulation within Tanzania necessitates the use of whole-genome sequencing to delineate finer scale population structure that can that can guide interventions, such as the spatial scale and design of dog vaccination campaigns and dog movement controls to achieve and maintain freedom from disease

Quantum Teleportation is a Universal Computational Primitive

We present a method to create a variety of interesting gates by teleporting quantum bits through special entangled states. This allows, for instance, the construction of a quantum computer based on just single qubit operations, Bell measurements, and GHZ states. We also present straightforward constructions of a wide variety of fault-tolerant quantum gates.Comment: 6 pages, REVTeX, 6 epsf figure

Perlindungan Hukum Pemegang Merek Terdaftar Pertama Atas Tindakan Pendaftaran Oleh Pihak Lain (Studi Kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 750 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2018)

Abstract Trademark is a part of IPR which is born from human intellectual ability. HKI is categorized into 2 (two) groups, namely Copy Rights and Industrial Property Rights. Copyright (Copy Rights) is divided into Copyright (Copy Rights) and Rights related to Copyright (Neighborhooding Rights).The procedure in the law in regulating the legal protection of registered mark holders is that the registration of a mark is initially subject to a substantive examination. Namely, whether the mark was filed by the applicant in good faith or there are elements where the mark cannot be registered. Protection of registered mark holders for registration actions by other parties in Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications in recent years there have been many violations of trademark rights. These violations have started to increase since the free market policy launched by the Indonesian government, where foreign investors were given the opportunity to invest in Indonesia. Judge's consideration of the application for cancellation of trademarks in the decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 750 K / Pdt.Sus-HKI / 2018 that the Panel of Judges granted the appeal and canceled the Commercial Court Decision at the Semarang District Court Grants the claim of the Reconvention Plaintiff / Defendant of the Convention in its entirety,The conclusion is that the main absolute requirement that must be fulfilled in order for a mark to be accepted and used by an individual or legal entity is that the mark must have sufficient distinguishing power. Rejection of applications that are substantially or completely similar to well-known marks of the same type shall be carried out by taking into account the general knowledge of the public regarding the mark in the field of business concerned. Legal protection needs to be provided to protect entrepreneurs or trademark rights holders from illegal acts committed against registered trademark rights. To avoid dishonest practices and provide legal protection to brand owners or holders as well as consumers.                                                            Keywords: Legal Protection, Trademark, Registered, First.                    Abstrak Merek merupakan bagian dari HKI yang lahir dari kemampuan intelektual manusia. HKI dikategorikan menjadi 2 (dua) kelompok yaitu Hak Cipta (Copy Rights) dan Hak Milik Perindustrian (Industrial Property Rights). Hak Cipta (Copy Rights) dibagi menjadi Hak Cipta (Copy Rights) dan Hak yang berkaitan dengan Hak Cipta (Neighbouring Rights).Prosedur dalam Undang-Undang dalam mengatur perlindungan hukum pemegang merek terdaftar bahwa pendaftaran Merek pada awalnya dilakukan pemeriksaan subtantif. Yaitu apakah merek tersebut diajukan oleh pemohon dengan itikad baik atau terdapat unsur-unsur dimana merek itu tidak dapat didaftarkan. Perlindungan atas pemegang merek terdaftar atas tindakan pendaftaran oleh pihak lain dalam Undang – Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 tentang Merek dan Indikasi Geografis dalam beberapa tahun belakangan banyak terjadi pelanggaran terhadap hak merek. Pelanggaran itu mulai meningkat sejak kebijakan pasar bebas yang dicanangkan pemerintah Indonesia, dimana Investor Asing diberikan kesempatan untuk menanam modalnya di Indonesia. Pertimbangan hakim atas permohonan pembatalan merek dagang dalam putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 750 K/ Pdt.Sus-HKI/2018 bahwa Majelis Hakim mengabulkan permohonan kasasi serta membatalkan Putusan Pengadilan Niaga pada Pengadilan Negeri Semarang Mengabulkan gugatan Penggugat Rekonvensi/Tergugat Konvensi untuk seluruhnya,Kesimpulannya bahwa  syarat mutlak utama yang harus dipenuhi agar suatu merek dapat diterima dan dipakai individu atau badan hukum, yaitu merek tersebut harus mempunyai daya pembeda yang cukup. Penolakan permohonan yang mempunyai persamaan pada pokoknya atau keseluruhan dengan merek terkenal  yang sejenis dilakukan dengan memperhatikan pengetahuan umum masyarakat mengenai merek dibidang usaha yang bersangkutan. Perlu diberikan Perlindungan Hukum untuk melindungi para pengusaha atau pemegang hak merek dari perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan terhadap hak merek terdaftar. Untuk menghindari praktek-praktek yang tidak jujur dan memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada pemilik atau pemegang merek serta konsumen.Kata Kunci        : Perlindungan Hukum, Merek, Terdaftar, Pertama

Population Genetics of Franciscana Dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei): Introducing a New Population from the Southern Edge of Their Distribution

Due to anthropogenic factors, the franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, is the most threatened small cetacean on the Atlantic coast of South America. Four Franciscana Management Areas have been proposed: Espiritu Santo to Rio de Janeiro (FMA I), São Paulo to Santa Catarina (FMA II), Rio Grande do Sul to Uruguay (FMA III), and Argentina (FMA IV). Further genetic studies distinguished additional populations within these FMAs. We analyzed the population structure, phylogeography, and demographic history in the southernmost portion of the species range. From the analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences, 5 novel haplotypes were found, totalizing 60 haplotypes for the entire distribution range. The haplotype network did not show an apparent phylogeographical signal for the southern FMAs. Two populations were identified: Monte Hermoso (MH) and Necochea (NC)+Claromecó (CL)+Río Negro (RN). The low levels of genetic variability, the relative constant size over time, and the low levels of gene flow may indicate that MH has been colonized by a few maternal lineages and became isolated from geographically close populations. The apparent increase in NC+CL+RN size would be consistent with the higher genetic variability found, since genetic diversity is generally higher in older and expanding populations. Additionally, RN may have experienced a recent split from CL and NC; current high levels of gene flow may be occurring between the latter ones. FMA IV would comprise four franciscana dolphin populations: Samborombón West+Samborombón South, Cabo San Antonio+Buenos Aires East, NC+CL+Buenos Aires Southwest+RN and MH. Results achieved in this study need to be taken into account in order to ensure the long-term survival of the species.Fil: Gariboldi, María Constanza. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Tunez, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Luján; ArgentinaFil: Dejean, Cristina Beatriz. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas. Sección Antropología Biológica; ArgentinaFil: Failla, Mauricio. Fundación Cethus; ArgentinaFil: Vitullo, Alfredo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Negri, Maria Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; ArgentinaFil: Cappozzo, Humberto Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentin

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling after subcutaneous, intravenous and buccal administration of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine in conscious cats

The aim of this study was to describe the joint pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model and evaluate thermal antinociception of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine (Simbadol™) in cats