3 research outputs found

    Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems as an Approach to Improved Oral Bioavailability of Drugs

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    The oral route of drug administration is the most effective and the most widely applicable, as it is characterized by high therapeutic efficiency, a low production cost, and very good patient acceptance. Before a drug enters the bloodstream, it must go through stages of dissolution and overcome biological membranes. However, most drugs are characterized by low solubility and/or permeability in the gastrointestinal tract environment. These disadvantages can be overcome by various technological approaches, such as micronization, the formation of salts and complexes, solid dispersions, the use of mucoadhesive polymers, as well as lipid-based drug delivery systems such as the self-emulsifying systems (SEDDS). In recent years, SEDDS have been one of the most popular approaches to increasing oral bioavailability, as they have the potential to reduce the administered dose and protect unstable drugs from the aggressive conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.Depending on their preparation and composition, SEDDS can improve the deficiencies of drugs belonging to biopharmaceutical classes II to IV. Furthermore, depending on the type of dispersion formed, they can be classified into micro-SEDDS, nano-SEDDS, o/w-SEDDS, and w/o/w-SEDDS.

    Aspects of Nanoparticle-Targeted Therapy

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    Conventional dosage forms often have disadvantages: high dose, low efficiency, toxicity, and unwanted side effects. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are characterized by modified release and can overcome these drawbacks.In many diseases, controlling the delivery and release of drugs to target tissues and organs is a challenge. The utilization of nano-sized drug-delivery systems provides a much larger surface area, affects the rate of dissolution, increases bioavailability at the site of action, and leads to a decrease in the administered dose of the medicinal product and a reduction of adverse drug reactions.The term "nanoparticles" (NPs) refers to materials with a size between 1 and 1000 nm. Nanoparticles' ability to penetrate cells faster than other macromolecules makes them suitable carriers for drug delivery systems.Peptides are attracting great interest in biomedicine as a new material that can exhibit functionalities characteristic of proteins and a high degree of modularity in molecular design.According to many researchers, combining peptides with non-biological materials (e.g., low molecular weight compounds, metal chelates, polymers, and hydrogels) is a promising approach to overcome their drawbacks (their low metabolic stability to proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tract, low levels of absorption after oral administration, decreased penetration, and rapid excretion via the liver and kidneys). The potential of NPs to conjugate with them leads to improved functions and the manifestation of synergism. As a result, conjugates of peptides with nanoparticles represent a promising platform for use in biomedicine

    Parkinson's Disease: Technological Approaches for Optimized Therapeutic Efficacy of Levodopa

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    Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 10 million patients worldwide. The leading cause of this pathological condition is an imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic systems due to dopaminergic neurons' degeneration in the nigrostriatal pathways. The primary goal of Parkinson's therapy is to correct the levels of the mentioned neurotransmitters, and the administration of Levodopa has been accepted as a "gold standard" treatment. The amino acid precursor can successfully control the symptoms by compensating for the reduced concentration of endogenous dopamine and activating postsynaptic D-receptors in the striatum.The intensive enzymatic degradation of levodopa in the gastrointestinal tract is the main reason for its low concentration in the midbrain (~1%) and the increased frequency of adverse drug reactions. Despite numerous attempts to improve clinical efficacy, increasing bioavailability and reducing side effects remain difficult. This makes it necessary to use innovative drug delivery systems capable of overcoming the problems mentioned above.This literature review presents new technological approaches for improved delivery of levodopa to the central nervous system. Nanoparticles, liposomes, cyclodextrin complexes, carbon nanotubes, and others represent promising platforms for the delivery and controlled release of the dopamine precursor. With the ability to ensure optimal bioavailability, constant plasma concentration, minimal peripheral degradation, and reduced adverse drug reactions, they successfully overcome the shortcomings of conventional levodopa-containing dosage forms
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