Evaluating the bioenergy potential of kitchen wastes fermentation residues through pyrolysis kinetics, thermodynamics and Py-GC/MS analysis technique

Pyrolysis non-isothermal kinetics, thermodynamics and products compositional characteristics of kitchen wastes fermentation residues (KWFR) were investigated to explore the bioenergy potential by thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) methods. The results showed that pyrolysis process can be divided into four common stages. The kinetics results deduced from FWO, KAS and Popescu methods showed that reaction activation energy (E) was 170.56, 168.98 and 172.10 kJ mol(-1) and pre-exponential factor (A) was 1.22E + 17, 5.04E + 10 and 1.80E + 15 min(-1), respectively, while the optimal mechanism function was G(alpha) = [1 - (1 - alpha)(1/3)](2)(n = 2). The calculated thermodynamic parameters included Delta H (163.77-166.90 kJ mol(-1)), Delta S (- 62.25-61.28 J mol(-1) K-1) and Delta G (145.41-184.02 kJ mol(-1)). The Py-GC/MS results showed mainly produced nitrogen-containing compounds, acidic alcohol compounds, aldehydes, ketones, esters, benzenes and hydrocarbons. This study highlights KWFR can be considered as an attractive feedstock for bioenergy and bio-based chemicals and meanwhile may help to solve the problem of kitchen wastes digestion tailings

Single-cell multi-omics analysis of lineage development and spatial organization in the human fetal cerebellum

Abstract Human cerebellum encompasses numerous neurons, exhibiting a distinct developmental paradigm from cerebrum. Here we conducted scRNA-seq, scATAC-seq and spatial transcriptomic analyses of fetal samples from gestational week (GW) 13 to 18 to explore the emergence of cellular diversity and developmental programs in the developing human cerebellum. We identified transitory granule cell progenitors that are conserved across species. Special patterns in both granule cells and Purkinje cells were dissected multidimensionally. Species-specific gene expression patterns of cerebellar lobes were characterized and we found that PARM1 exhibited inconsistent distribution in human and mouse granule cells. A novel cluster of potential neuroepithelium at the rhombic lip was identified. We also resolved various subtypes of Purkinje cells and unipolar brush cells and revealed gene regulatory networks controlling their diversification. Therefore, our study offers a valuable multi-omics landscape of human fetal cerebellum and advances our understanding of development and spatial organization of human cerebellum