21 research outputs found
FUV and X-ray absorption in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium
The Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) arises from shock-heated gas
collapsing in large-scale filaments and probably harbours a substantial
fraction of the baryons in the local Universe. Absorption-line measurements in
the ultraviolet (UV) and in the X-ray band currently represent the best method
to study the WHIM at low redshifts. We here describe the physical properties of
the WHIM and the concepts behind WHIM absorption line measurements of H I and
high ions such as O VI, O VII, and O VIII in the far-ultraviolet and X-ray
band. We review results of recent WHIM absorption line studies carried out with
UV and X-ray satellites such as FUSE, HST, Chandra, and XMM-Newton and discuss
their implications for our knowledge of the WHIM.Comment: 26 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Space Science
Reviews, special issue "Clusters of galaxies: beyond the thermal view",
Editor J.S. Kaastra, Chapter 3; work done by an international team at the
International Space Science Institute (ISSI), Bern, organised by J.S.
Kaastra, A.M. Bykov, S. Schindler & J.A.M. Bleeke
Baryons: What, When and Where?
We review the current state of empirical knowledge of the total budget of
baryonic matter in the Universe as observed since the epoch of reionization.
Our summary examines on three milestone redshifts since the reionization of H
in the IGM, z = 3, 1, and 0, with emphasis on the endpoints. We review the
observational techniques used to discover and characterize the phases of
baryons. In the spirit of the meeting, the level is aimed at a diverse and
non-expert audience and additional attention is given to describe how space
missions expected to launch within the next decade will impact this scientific
field.Comment: Proceedings Review for "Astrophysics in the Next Decade: JWST and
Concurrent Facilities", ed. X. Tielens, 38 pages, 10 color figures. Revised
to address comments from the communit
Accuracy and repeatability of anthropometric facial measurements using cone beam computed tomography
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and repeatability of linear anthropometric measurements on the soft tissue surface model generated from cone beam computed tomography scans. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of seven cadaver heads. The accuracy and repeatability were assessed by means of a series of 21 standardized, linear facial measurements derived from 11 landmarks taken both directly on the face with a set of digital calipers and indirectly from a three-dimensional soft tissue surface model generated from a cone beam computed tomography scan of the heads using SimPlant (R) Ortho Pro software. The landmarks and measurements were chosen to cover various regions of the face with an emphasis on the oral-nasal region. The cone beam computed tomography measurements were compared with the physical measurements. Statistical analysis for the repeatability was done by means of the intraclass coefficient. Accuracy was determined by means of the absolute error and absolute percentage error. Results: The cone beam computed tomography measurements were very accurate when compared with the physical measurements (0.962 to 0.999). Except for one measurement, between point tragion (t) and nasion (n) (mean, 1.52 mm), all the measurements had a mean absolute error of less than 1.5 mm. Conclusions: The three-dimensional surface models derived from cone beam computed tomography images are sufficiently precise and accurate for the anthropometric measurements