Social Disorganization Theory: The Role of Diversity in New Jersey\u27s Hate Crimes

The reported number of hate crimes in New Jersey continues to remain high despite the enforcement of laws against perpetrators. The purpose of this correlational panel study was to test Shaw & McKay\u27s theory of social disorganization by examining the relationship between demographic diversity and hate crime rates. This study focused on analyzing the relationship between the level of diversity, residential mobility, unemployment, family disruption, proximity to urban areas, and population density in all 21 New Jersey counties and hate crime rates. The existing data of Federal Bureau of Investigations\u27 hate crime rates and the U.S. Census Bureau\u27s demographic diversity, operationalized as the percentage of Whites over all other races, and social disorganization from 21 between the years 2007 through 2011, for a total sample size of 105 cases of reported hate crimes. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicate that ethnic diversity did not significantly predict hate crimes (p = 0.81), residential mobility (p \u3c 0.001), and population density (p \u3c 0.001) had positive effects on hate crime rates. Concentrated disadvantage (p = 0.01), characterized by the number of reported unemployment rates, had a negative effect on hate crime rates. The results of the study supported social disorganization theory in reference to residential mobility and population density. Law enforcement agencies can use the results of this study to combat hate crimes in areas with a high level of residential mobility and population density

Social Disorganization Theory: The Role of Diversity in New Jersey’s Hate Crimes Based on Race and Ethnicity

The purpose of this correlational panel study was to test Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization by examining the relationship between demographic diversity and hate crime rates. The study focused on the relationship between the level of diversity, residential mobility, unemployment, family disruption, proximity to urban areas, and population density in all 21 New Jersey counties and hate crime rates. The existing data of Federal Bureau of Investigations’ hate crime rates and the U.S. Census Bureau’s demographic diversity were operationalized as the percentage of Whites over all other races, and social disorganization from the 21 counties of New Jersey between the years 2007 through 2011, for a total sample size of 105 cases of reported hate crimes. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicate that ethnic diversity did not significantly predict hate crimes; residential mobility and population density had positive effects on hate crime rates. Concentrated disadvantage, characterized by the number of reported unemployment rates, had a negative effect on hate crime rates. The results of the study supported social disorganization theory in reference to residential mobility and population density

WebPS: A Web-based P System Simulator with Query Facilities

In this paper we present an open-source web-enabled simulator for P sys- tems. We use CLIPS embedded in C, and make the simulator available as a web application, complemented by a query language to specify the results

To "Hamlet" or Not to "Hamlet: Notes on an Arts Secondary School Students’ "Hamlet"

This article discusses a 2018 theatrical production of Hamlet with Romanian teenage arts students, directed by one of the article’s authors, actress and academic Dana Trifan Enache. As an artist, she believes that the art of theatre spectacle depends pre-eminently on the actors’ enactment, and hones her students’ acting skills and technique accordingly. The other voice in the article comes from an academic in a cognate discipline within the broad field of arts and humanities. As a feminist and medievalist, the latter has investigated the political underside of representations of the body in religious drama, amongst others. The analytic duo reflects as much the authors’ different professional formation and academic interests as their asymmetrical positioning vis-à-vis the show as respectively the play’s director and one of its spectators. Their shared occupational investment, teaching to form and hone highly specialized professional skills, and shared object of professional interest (broadly conceived), text interpretation, account nevertheless for the possibility of fruitful interdisciplinary reflection on the 2018 Hamlet. This in-depth analysis of the circumstances of the performance and technical solutions it sought challenges stereotyped dismissals of a students’ Hamlet as superannuated, flimsy or gratuitously provocative. Furthermore, a gender-aware examination of the adaptation’s original handling of characters and scenes indicates unexpected cross-cultural and diachronic commonalities between the dramatic world of the 2018 Romanian production of Hamlet and socio-cultural developments emergent in pre-Shakespearean England

THE USE OF PLANT EXTRACTS IN SUPPOSITORY FORMULATION

Universitatea de Stat de Medicină şi Farmacie „Nicolae Testemiţanu”, Chişinău, Republica MoldovaIntroducere. Biodisponibilitatea și efectul farmacologic ale formei farmaceutice semisolide de supozitor (SP), depind de combinația unor studii fizice, chimice, farmaco-tehnice și biologice complexe, desfășurate în conformitate cu cerințele farmacopeice. Un interes deosebit, pentru cercetătorii în domeniul medicamentelor, în prezent, este reprezentat de studiul utilizării extractelor standardizate din produse vegetale, în formularea SP. Scopul lucrării. Evaluarea surselor bibliografice referitor la studiile realizate privind încorporarea extractelor vegetale în forma semisolidă de supozitor. Material și metode. A fost efectuat studiul analitico-descriptiv a literaturii de specialitate utilizând bazele de date electronice precum Scopus, PubMed și EBSCO, utilizând 56 de publicații. Rezultate. Tehnologia de formulare a SP implică analiza detaliată a multiplilor parametri critici de proces precum: calitatea, cantitatea și originea substanțelor, excipienților, surfactanților, a temperaturii, vitezei și timpului de amestecare a masei supozitoarelor, a metodei de încorporare a substanțelor active, ș.a. Din datele literaturii în prepararea SP, sunt folosite atât uleiurile din plante (mușețel, mărar, cătină, luminița nopții, ș.a.), în concentrație de 10% ulei per supozitor, cât și extracte vegetale (levănțică, gălbenele, arbore de ceai, ș.a.). În colecția CȘPDPM a USMF „Nicolae Testemițanu” sunt cultivate și cercetate specii cu acțiune antifungică (anghinarea), antiiflamatoare și antibacteriană (sunătoarea), antioxidantă și cicatrizantă (agrimonia), ș.a. cu potențial de administrare externă sub formă de SP. Concluzie: Utilizarea extractelor vegetale în formularea supozitoarelor este în continuă ascensiune, grație prezenței compușilor biologic activi de natură fenolică.Introduction. The bioavailability and pharmacological effect of the semi-solid pharmaceutical form of suppositories (SP) depend on a combination of complex physical, chemical, pharmacotechnical, and biological studies conducted in accordance with pharmacopoeia requirements. A particular interest for researchers in the field of pharmaceuticals, currently lies in studying the use of standardized plant extracts in SP formulation. Objective of the study. Evaluation of bibliographic sources regarding studies conducted on the incorporation of plant extracts into the semi-solid suppository form. Material and methods. An analytical-descriptive study of the specialized literature was carried out using electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCO, using 56 publications. Results. The formulation technology of SP involves a detailed analysis of multiple critical process parameters such as the quality, quantity, and origin of active substances, excipients, surfactants, temperature, mixing speed, and time of suppository mass blending, method of incorporation of active substances, etc. From the literature data, both, plant oils (chamomile, dill, sea buckthorn, evening primrose, etc.) in a concentration of 10% oil per suppository, as well as plant extracts (lavender, marigold, tea tree, etc.) are used in the preparation of SP. In the collection of the SPCFMP of the Nicolae Testemițanu University, a species with antifungal action (artichoke), anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties (St. John’s wort), antioxidant and wound-healing effects (agrimony), etc., are cultivated and researched, with the potential for external administration, including the SP form. Conclusion. The use of plant extracts in the formulation of suppositories is constantly increasing, thanks to the presence of biologically active compounds of a phenolic nature

TECHNOLOGIES FOR FORMULATION OF NANOPARTICULATED PHYTOPREPARATIONS

Universitatea de Stat de Medicină şi Farmacie „Nicolae Testemiţanu”, Chişinău, Republica MoldovaIntroducere. În ultimii ani, se bucură de un interes sporit cercetarea încorporării compușilor biologici activi extrași din plante în sisteme de livrare nanoparticulate (SNP), care prin trialuri clinice au demonstrat creșterea în mod eficient a biodisponibilității lor terapeutice. Scopul lucrării. Studiul tehnologiilor și a principiilor de obținere a nanoparticulelor încărcate cu produse extractive din plante medicinale. Material și Metode. A fost efectuat studiul analitico-descriptiv a literaturii de specialitate utilizând bazele de date electronice precum Scopus, PubMed și EBSCO. Rezultate. Nanoformularea oferă avantaje pentru îmbunătățirea biodisponibilității, creșterea solubilității, permeabilității, modificarea metabolismului și specificitate față de ligand, pentru substanțele active încorporate. Prin evaluarea rezultatelor cercetărilor publicate cu referire la tehnologiile SNP de aur, seleniu, carbon, silicate, magnetice, polimerice, ș.a. obținute prin metode fizice și chimice de sinteză, a fost identificată defavorizarea acestor metode din cauza costurilor și a biosecurității. Astfel se pune accent pe tehnologia verde de obținere a SNP prin utilizarea extractelor de plante, condiționate prin cele mai optimale metode de extracție a fitocomponenților precum: extracția asistată de ultrasunete, microunde, extracția cu aparatul Soxhlet, supercritică cu dioxid de carbon și extracția enzimatică, ce oferă randamente cuprinse între 80-100%. Concluzii. Producția de fitopreparate nanoparticulate este în etapa de cercetare continuă și necesită un studiu extins a mecanismului de utilizare a metaboliților secundari ai plantelor, al parametrilor fizico-chimici și răspunsul sinergic cu receptorul specific.Background. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in research into the incorporation of biologically active compounds extracted from plants into nanoparticulate delivery systems (NDSs), which have been shown in clinical trials to effectively increase their therapeutic bioavailability. Objective of the study. Study of technologies and principles for obtaining nanoparticles loaded with medicinal plant extracts. Material and Methods. The descriptive and analytical study of the literature was performed using electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed and EBSCO. Results. Nanoformulation offers advantages for improving bioavailability, increasing solubility, permeability, metabolic change, and ligand specificity for the incorporated active substances. By evaluating the results of published research with reference to gold, selenium, carbon, silicate, magnetic, polymeric, and other technologies for NDSs, obtained by synthesis through physical and chemical methods, the disadvantage of these methods due to high cost and biosecurity challenges has been identified. This foster the development of green technology for obtaining NDS by using plant extracts, conditioned by the most optimal methods of extraction of phytocomponents such as: ultrasonic assisted extraction, microwave, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide and enzymatic extraction, which offers yields between 80-100%. Conclusion. The production of nanoparticulate phytopreparations is in the stage of continuous research and requires an extensive study of the mechanism of use of secondary plant metabolites, physicochemical parameters and synergistic response with the specific receptor

Tehnologii de formulare a fitopreparatelor nanoparticulate

Background. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in research into the incorporation of biologically active compounds extracted from plants into nanoparticulate delivery systems (NDSs), which have been shown in clinical trials to effectively increase their therapeutic bioavailability. Objective of the study. Study of technologies and principles for obtaining nanoparticles loaded with medicinal plant extracts. Material and Methods. The descriptive and analytical study of the literature was performed using electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed and EBSCO. Results. Nanoformulation offers advantages for improving bioavailability, increasing solubility, permeability, metabolic change, and ligand specificity for the incorporated active substances. By evaluating the results of published research with reference to gold, selenium, carbon, silicate, magnetic, polymeric, and other technologies for NDSs, obtained by synthesis through physical and chemical methods, the disadvantage of these methods due to high cost and biosecurity challenges has been identified. This foster the development of green technology for obtaining NDS by using plant extracts, conditioned by the most optimal methods of extraction of phytocomponents such as: ultrasonic assisted extraction, microwave, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide and enzymatic extraction, which offers yields between 80-100%. Conclusion. The production of nanoparticulate phytopreparations is in the stage of continuous research and requires an extensive study of the mechanism of use of secondary plant metabolites, physicochemical parameters and synergistic response with the specific receptor.Introducere. În ultimii ani, se bucură de un interes sporit cercetarea încorporării compușilor biologici activi extrași din plante în sisteme de livrare nanoparticulate (SNP), care prin trialuri clinice au demonstrat creșterea în mod eficient a biodisponibilității lor terapeutice. Scopul lucrării. Studiul tehnologiilor și a principiilor de obținere a nanoparticulelor încărcate cu produse extractive din plante medicinale. Material și Metode. A fost efectuat studiul analitico-descriptiv a literaturii de specialitate utilizând bazele de date electronice precum Scopus, PubMed și EBSCO. Rezultate. Nanoformularea oferă avantaje pentru îmbunătățirea biodisponibilității, creșterea solubilității, permeabilității, modificarea metabolismului și specificitate față de ligand, pentru substanțele active încorporate. Prin evaluarea rezultatelor cercetărilor publicate cu referire la tehnologiile SNP de aur, seleniu, carbon, silicate, magnetice, polimerice, ș.a. obținute prin metode fizice și chimice de sinteză, a fost identificată defavorizarea acestor metode din cauza costurilor și a biosecurității. Astfel se pune accent pe tehnologia verde de obținere a SNP prin utilizarea extractelor de plante, condiționate prin cele mai optimale metode de extracție a fitocomponenților precum: extracția asistată de ultrasunete, microunde, extracția cu aparatul Soxhlet, supercritică cu dioxid de carbon și extracția enzimatică, ce oferă randamente cuprinse între 80-100%. Concluzii. Producția de fitopreparate nanoparticulate este în etapa de cercetare continuă și necesită un studiu extins a mecanismului de utilizare a metaboliților secundari ai plantelor, al parametrilor fizico-chimici și răspunsul sinergic cu receptorul specific

Elevated CO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e and warming shift the functional composition of soil nematode communities in a semiarid grassland

Climate change can alter soil communities and functions, but the consequences are uncertain for most ecosystems. We assessed the impacts of climate change on soil nematodes in a semiarid grassland using a 7-year, factorial manipulation of temperature and [CO2]. Elevated CO2 and warming decreased the abundance of plant-feeding nematodes and nematodes with intermediate to high values on the colonizer-persister scale (cp3-5), including predators and omnivores. Thus, under futuristic climate conditions, nematode communities were even more dominated by r-strategists (cp1-2) that feed on bacteria and fungi. These results indicate that climate change could alter soil functioning in semiarid grasslands. For example, the lower abundance of plant-feeding nematodes could facilitate positive effects of elevated CO2 and warming on plant productivity. The effects of elevated CO2 and warming on nematode functional composition were typically less than additive, highlighting the need for multi-factor studies

GW190412: Observation of a Binary-Black-Hole Coalescence with Asymmetric Masses

We report the observation of gravitational waves from a binary-black-hole coalescence during the first two weeks of LIGO’s and Virgo’s third observing run. The signal was recorded on April 12, 2019 at 05∶30∶44 UTC with a network signal-to-noise ratio of 19. The binary is different from observations during the first two observing runs most notably due to its asymmetric masses: a ∼30 M_⊙ black hole merged with a ∼8 M_⊙ black hole companion. The more massive black hole rotated with a dimensionless spin magnitude between 0.22 and 0.60 (90% probability). Asymmetric systems are predicted to emit gravitational waves with stronger contributions from higher multipoles, and indeed we find strong evidence for gravitational radiation beyond the leading quadrupolar order in the observed signal. A suite of tests performed on GW190412 indicates consistency with Einstein’s general theory of relativity. While the mass ratio of this system differs from all previous detections, we show that it is consistent with the population model of stellar binary black holes inferred from the first two observing runs