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Atypical development of white matter microstructure of the corpus callosum in males with autism: a longitudinal investigation
Background: The corpus callosum is the largest white matter structure in the brain, and it is the most consistently reported to be atypical in diffusion tensor imaging studies of autism spectrum disorder. In individuals with typical development, the corpus callosum is known to undergo a protracted development from childhood through young adulthood. However, no study has longitudinally examined the developmental trajectory of corpus callosum in autism past early childhood. Methods: The present study used a cohort sequential design over 9 years to examine age-related changes of the corpus callosum in 100 males with autism and 56 age-matched males with typical development from early childhood (when autism can first be reliably diagnosed) to mid-adulthood (after development of the corpus callosum has been completed) (3 to 41 years of age). Results: The group with autism demonstrated a different developmental trajectory of white matter microstructure in the anterior corpus callosum鈥檚 (genu and body) fractional anisotropy, which suggests atypical brain maturation in these regions in autism. When analyses were broken down by age group, atypical developmental trajectories were present only in the youngest participants (10 years of age and younger). Significant main effects for group were found in terms of decreased fractional anisotropy across all three subregions of the corpus callosum (genu, body, and splenium) and increased mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity in the posterior corpus callosum. Conclusions: These longitudinal results suggest atypical early childhood development of the corpus callosum microstructure in autism that transitions into sustained group differences in adolescence and adulthood. This pattern of results provides longitudinal evidence consistent with a growing number of published studies and hypotheses regarding abnormal brain connectivity across the life span in autism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0001-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users
Brainstem White Matter Predicts Individual Differences in Manual Motor Difficulties and Symptom Severity in Autism
127 p. // 15 - 29 : 0013Para la creaci贸n de una empresa de mantenimiento industrial en Colombia, deben integrarse varios elementos, desde el objetivo o tipos de servicios que se van a prestar, el modo de operaci贸n y las normas legales que los rigen, la seguridad industrial, las estrategias dirigidas a clientes potenciales, la planeaci贸n en inversi贸n en equipos, en identificaci贸n de oportunidades, competencia y riesgos, metas de ventas, responsabilidad y gesti贸n del talento humano como del conocimiento. La planeaci贸n es el factor fundamental en cada una de las fases de la creaci贸n del proyecto empresarial, teniendo en cuenta la distribuci贸n de los recursos de inversi贸n y costos en los aspectos realmente necesarios y tendientes a ofrecer un servicio que est茅 al mejor nivel de calidad e idoneidad de la competencia que permita a los clientes, identificar la mejor oportunidad, aplicando modelos y m茅todos en la organizaci贸n, los procesos y el liderazgo para obtener buenos resultados, a煤n cuando en Colombia resulta un tanto dif铆cil por los altos costos de insumos, impuestos y transportes, entre otros, pero a煤n as铆 tiene justificaci贸n el proyecto, porque la industria en Colombia se proyecta como un rengl贸n importante, teniendo en cuenta que la tecnolog铆a y los mercados cada d铆a son mas globalizado