Physical Training Status Determines Oxidative Stress and Redox Changes in Response to an Acute Aerobic Exercise

Objective. To assess the influence of different physical training status on exercise-induced oxidative stress and changes in cellular redox state. Methods. Thirty male subjects participated in this study and were assigned as well-trained (WT), moderately trained (MT), and untrained (UT) groups. The levels of cortisol, creatine kinase, plasma reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS), and GSH/GSSG ratio in red blood cells (RBCs) were measured immediately and 10 and 30 min after exercise. Results. Following the exercise, plasma GSH/GSSG (p=0.001) and Cys/CySS (p=0.005) were significantly reduced in all groups. Reduction in plasma GSH/GSSG ratio in all groups induced a transient shift in redox balance towards a more oxidizing environment without difference between groups (p=0.860), while RBCs GSH/GSSG showed significant reduction (p=0.003) and elevation (p=0.007) in UT and MT groups, respectively. The highest level of RBCs GSH/GSSG ratio was recorded in MT group, and the lowest one was recorded in the WT group. Conclusion. Long term regular exercise training with moderate intensity shifts redox balance towards more reducing environment, versus intensive exercise training leads to more oxidizing environment and consequently development of related diseases

The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on some factors causing oxidative stress in the cardiomyocytes of mice with type II diabetes

Background and aims: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. This study aimed to compare and investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on oxidative stress as one of the key links in the development of DCM in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Forty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to four groups of equal number (Control, T2DM, T2DM+HIIT, and T2DM+MICT). After the induction of T2DM, HIIT and MICT programs were conducted 5 days a week for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, blood and heart samples were collected for subsequent measurements. Results: T2DM significantly up-regulated the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs, P=0.001) and the expression of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX, P=0.001) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE, P=0.001) compared to controlled mice. After 8 weeks of training, HIIT and MICT programs increased the levels of insulin (P<0.001) while reducing the levels of fasting blood glucose (P<0.001, P=0.024, respectively). On the other hand, it was found that HIIT and MICT programs significantly decreased the levels of AGEs (P<0.001), expression of 15-LOX (P=0.006, P=0.019, respectively), and 4-HNE (P=0.008 and P=0.035, respectively). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that exercise training, particularly MICT, will be highly helpful in the prevention of DCM through the improvement of glucose metabolism and reduction of 15-LOX expression

Effect of Brain Training on Cognitive Performance in Elderly Women Diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background: Cognitive impairment profoundly influences on older adults’ activities and quality of life. Therefore, optimizing and remediating age-associated cognitive decline have great importance. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of 8 weeks (3 day /week) computer based brain training on cognitive performance in old women with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled study was performed in old women with MCI that was measured using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Twenty women diagnosed with MCI were divided into two groups of: exercised (trained with computerized brain program for 8 weeks (3 day /week, 30-60 min/day) and control group. Before and after training, reaction time, error number and data processing speed were measured using computer stroop task and digit symbol coding test, respectively. After checking the normal distribution of collected data by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the pre and post means difference and differences between groups were analyzed using paired T- test and independent t-test respectively. Results: Brain training lead to a significant reduction in reaction time (p=0.001), error number (p=0.002) and increase in data processing speed (p=0.011) compared with pre-test values. Also, there were significant differences between experimental and control groups in reaction time (p=0.001), error number (p=0.007) and processing speed (p=0.013). Conclusion: The findings indicate the efficacy of computer based brain training program on improving the reaction time, error number and processing speed in elderly women diagnosed with MCI and also reflects the plasticity of old brain for challenging to learn new tasks

The Interaction Effect of Aerobic Training and Different Doses of Intramuscular Vitamin D on Body Weight, Visceral Fat and Food Intake in Female Wistar Rats

Abstract Background: The effect of exercise training on body weight and visceral fat have been examined in several studies, whereas those of aerobic training along with the different dosages of intramuscular vitamin D on body weight, visceral fat and food intake are unknown. The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of aerobic training and different doses of intramuscular vitamin D on body weight, visceral fat and food intake in female Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, seventy-two female Wistar rats were divided into 9 with 8 rats in each group, one group: aerobic training (3 days/week for 8 weeks), three groups: aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (in high, moderate and low doses), three groups: vitamin D supplementation (in high, moderate and low doses) and two control groups. One-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results: Results showed that body weight and visceral fat in aerobic training with high dose vitamin D supplementation group was significantly lower than other groups. Also, the mean food intake in three groups of (aerobic training with low dose vitamin D supplementation, low dose vitamin D supplementation and control) was significantly higher than other groups. Conclusion: It seems that aerobic training with high dose vitamin D compared to using each of the strategies is more effective in decreasing body weight, visceral fat in female Wistar rats

The Effect of Branched Chain Amino Acids and Vitamin E on Muscle Damage

Objective The use of amino acid supplements among athletes for reducing muscle injuries has become more popular. This study aims to examine the effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) consumption before exhaustive exercise along with one month vitamin E supplementation on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) levels of active females.   Methods In this study, 32 active female students of Razi University in Kermanshah, Iran aged 18-23 years were selected and, after obtaining the informed consent form them, were randomly divided into four groups of placebo (n=8), Vitamin E (n=8), BCAA (n=8), and Vitamin E+BCAA (n=). Vitamin E was consumed as 400 IU daily for a month and BCAA with lemon juice was consumed 2.5 hours before exercise four times with a 30-min interval. The exercise program included 30 minutes of cycling on an ergometer with 50% of the aerobic capacity, and immediately followed by cycling with 75% of the aerobic capacity until the exhaustion. Sampling was done immediately and 48 hours after the exercise, and data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and Pearson correlation test in SPSS software, version 22. Results None of the supplements had a significant effect on levels of LDH and CK immediately after the exercise (P>0.05), but 48 hours after the exercise, the mean levels of LDH and CK decreased in BCAA group  (CK: 199.4±11.00, LDH: 213.2±23.44) and Vitamin E+BCAA (CK: 188.3±3.20, LDH: 208.3±40.12) compared to Vitamin E and placebo groups (P = 0.001). Their lowest levels was observed in the Vitamin E+BCAA group which was negatively correlated to plasma leucine and isoleucine levels (P = 0.001).  Conclusion Although BCAA consumption alone before exhaustive exercise can reduce muscular damage indicators in active females, it seems that leucine and isoleucine along with Vitamin E supplementation is more effective in reducing muscular damage

The Effect of Different Doses of Vitamin D Supplementation on Insulin Resistance in ovariectomized rats

Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and vitamin D deficiency are both too common during menopause. Since the effect of different doses of vitamin D supplements on blood sugar, insulin concentration&nbsp; and insulin resistance are unknown, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of different doses of the vitamin D supplements on visceral fat, blood sugar, insulin concentration,&nbsp; and insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats. Materials and Methods: In this randomized experimental study, 32 female Wistar rats were divided into 4 equal groups&nbsp; as follows: three groups . that received vitamin D supplements (high, moderate, and low dose) and one control group. After 8 weeks of different doses of vitamin D supplementation plasma concentration of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were measured&nbsp; in the three groups. The obtained data&nbsp; was statistically analyzed by means of dependent t-test and ANOVA . at the significance level of P<0.05. Results: After a period of eight-week&nbsp; intervention, body weight, BMI, waist circumference, visceral fat, insulin, blood glucose and HOMA-IR at high, moderate, and low doses of vitamin D supplementation were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). High dose of vitamin D compared with moderate and low doses significantly caused reduction in insulin, blood glucose, and HOMA-IR (P<0.001 for all three variables). Conclusion: The findings of the current study showed that a high dose of vitamin D causes significant improvements in FPG, insulin, and insulin resistance&nbsp; evaluated by HOMA-IR. It was also found that adding vitamin D supplements can improve glucose control in menopause model of rats

Variations of hematological parameters following repeated bouts of concurrent endurance-resistance exercise

Introduction:The aim of the present study is to investigate the variations of hematological parameters following two bouts of selected concurrent endurance and resistance exercises in one day.Material and Methods:Eight male students of physical education in Guilan University volunteered for our study. The participants performed concurrent endurance-resistance exercises for 90 minutes in the morning and afternoon bouts. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after and three hours after the exercise to measure for hematological parameters – white blood cell, red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, platelet, and plasma volume. The participants were fasting for at least 12 hours prior to the first blood sampling. We used analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni’s post hoc test to evaluate the hematological variations, with p values ≤ 0.05 considered significant.Results:Our findings indicate that white blood cell and platelet counts increased significantly three hours after, and immediately after exercise, respectively. Furthermore, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell counts decreased significantly three hours after exercise (p0.05).Conclusion:Considering the fall in blood factors essential for gas exchange and its possible impact on oxygenation of active muscles, as well as the rise in coagulative and immunity factors following two bouts of exercise, trainers and athletes are advised to be wary about the impacts of performing concurrent and repeated exercises in one day